伊朗核问题的国际法分析

发布时间：2018-11-28 12:17

【摘要】：伊朗核开发以及由核开发所引发的问题,对其定性是个复杂的分析过程,不能简简单单地以合法或非法来概括。作为一个主权国家,伊朗在其境内从事民事核能的开发、研究,并不违反国际法的规定,伊朗民用核开发无疑是值得肯定的,伊朗是享有和平利用核能的权利的。要注意的是,核开发基于国家主权,构成了国家的天然权利；另一方面,国家同时也肩负着相应的义务——对他国、对国民的义务。核能是清洁的,也必须是安全的,这就要求核拥有国、核开发国必须全面加强核安全能力,严格履行核安全国际义务,重视并积极参与国际核安全合作。与之相应的,一旦伊朗的核开发由民用转为军用,对国际和平与安全产生威胁,国际法自然要对其进行规制。现有的国际法特定领域的条约,无论是《全面禁止核武器条约》(CTBT)还是《不扩散核武器条约》(NPT)都难以对伊朗突破民用核领域的行为产生有效的规制。从特殊法的角度来进行考量,在禁止核试验、不扩散核武器等方面尚未形成习惯国际法规则,也难以直接对伊朗进行规制。只能依靠《联合国宪章》第二条所规定的禁止使用武力或以武力相威胁进行规制。此外,作为国际法原则的禁止权利滥用原则,也可以直接对伊朗核问题进行规制。伊朗核问题凸显了现有国际法和国际体制修改的紧迫性。要构建持续性的核安全,各个国家应当履行相关国际义务,加强国内相关立法和监督管理机制,分享核安全经验,加强信息交流。另一方面,联合国应当尽快启动修改补充NPT的相应条款,并且适当增加国际原子能机构(IAEA)的权限。一旦伊朗或者其他国家或地区出现核扩散的危机的时候,国际法体制才能及时有效地维护国际核安全。
[Abstract]:The nature of Iran's nuclear development and the problems caused by it is a complex analytical process that cannot simply be summed up legally or illegally. As a sovereign state, Iran is engaged in the development and research of civil nuclear energy in its territory, which does not violate the provisions of international law. The development of Iran's civil nuclear power is undoubtedly worthy of recognition, and Iran enjoys the right to the peaceful use of nuclear energy. It should be noted that nuclear development is based on national sovereignty and constitutes a natural right of the state. On the other hand, the state also shoulders the corresponding obligations-obligations to other countries and to its nationals. Nuclear energy is clean and must be safe, which requires nuclear possessor and developing country to strengthen nuclear safety capability in an all-round way, strictly fulfill international nuclear safety obligations, attach importance to and actively participate in international nuclear security cooperation. Accordingly, once Iran's nuclear development changes from civilian to military and poses a threat to international peace and security, international law will naturally regulate Iran's nuclear development. The existing treaties in specific areas of international law, whether the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear weapons (CTBT) or the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear weapons (NPT), can hardly effectively regulate Iran's breakthrough in the civil nuclear field. From the perspective of special law, there are no rules of customary international law on the prohibition of nuclear tests and the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, and it is difficult to regulate Iran directly. The prohibition of the use or threat of force under Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations can only be relied upon. In addition, the prohibition of abuse of rights, as a principle of international law, can also directly regulate the Iranian nuclear issue. The Iranian nuclear issue highlights the urgency of changes in existing international law and the international system. To build sustainable nuclear safety, each country should fulfill relevant international obligations, strengthen relevant domestic legislation, supervision and management mechanism, share nuclear safety experience, and strengthen information exchange. On the other hand, the United Nations should start amending the corresponding provisions of the NPT as soon as possible and appropriately increase the authority of the IAEA (IAEA). Once there is a crisis of nuclear proliferation in Iran or other countries or regions, the international legal system can maintain international nuclear security in a timely and effective manner.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D999.2

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