论海上紧追权

发布时间：2019-01-21 08:08

【摘要】：21世纪是人类全面开发海洋的新时代，国际社会普遍以全新的目光关注和重视海洋。许多沿海国家纷纷从政治、经济、军事、科技等方面加大对海洋开发和利用的力度。海洋权益的维护也相继成为社会关注的焦点。《联合国海洋法公约》，在1982年第三次海洋法会议上通过，，该公约赋予了海洋国家更多的海洋权利，奠定了现代海洋制度的基础。但是，要切实实现《公约》赋予的海洋权利，各沿海国还需要不断采取措施加强执行力量，完善执法机制。其中海上紧追权（以下简称紧追权）就是国际法为保护沿海国的权益而赋予沿海国的一项重要的海洋执法权。因此，为了有效维护我国海洋利益，弄清楚紧追权实施的相关程序，完善紧追权方面的立法体制，是非常重要的。首先，本文介绍了有关紧追权的概念和性质。指明紧追权实际上是沿海国在其管辖海域内已经开始的管辖权在公海的继续和延伸，是公海自由原则和船旗国专属管辖原则的例外。其次，介绍了紧追权的历史发展以及国际上对紧追权的编纂活动。论述紧追权已成为一项重要的国际习惯，并且，随着海洋法的发展，不断完善。再次，介绍了紧追权的构成要件、实施程序。阐述了行使紧追权在不同海域的法律依据，正确地解释“违法行为”和“充分理由”等用语，并对违法船舶位置的确定，停驶信号，紧追的即时性和连续性，紧追的终止，紧追过程中武力的使用，和违法紧追的责任进行了分析，并提出自己的见解。最后分析了我国有关紧追权立法现状以及存在的问题，指出我国有关紧追权的国内立法与国际法中的相关规定相比较存在着一定的差距。我国有关紧追权的国内立法存在分散，不统一的问题，缺乏切实可行的实施细则和程序性规定，同时海上执法体制分散，执法力量薄弱。这些问题在一定程度上阻碍了我国海洋事业的发展。针对这些问题，笔者认为应当制定出一部符合我国实际情况综合性海上执法法以完善我国的相关立法机制，维护海洋权益。紧追权是维护我国海洋权益必不可少的工具。我国有关紧追权的法律规定主要体现在《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》、《中华人民共和国专属经济区和大陆架法》两部法律中。但总体上讲，我国有关紧追权的立法存在分散，不统一，缺乏可操作性的问题。这些问题势必影响我国维护海洋权益的效率甚至会导致不应有的国际冲突。完善紧追权的国内立法，加强紧追权的实施机制，有利于维护我国海洋权益，展示我国捍卫海洋主权和维护海洋权益的决心和能力。
[Abstract]:The 21st century is a new era for human being to develop the ocean in an all-round way. The international community generally pays attention to the ocean with new eyes. Many coastal countries have increased their efforts in marine exploitation and utilization in political, economic, military, scientific and technological fields. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), adopted at the third Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982, has given more ocean rights to ocean countries and laid the foundation of modern ocean systems. However, in order to realize the maritime rights conferred by the Convention, the coastal States need to take continuous measures to strengthen the enforcement force and improve the enforcement mechanism. Among them, the right of hot pursuit at sea (hereinafter referred to as "the right of hot pursuit") is an important maritime law enforcement right that international law gives to coastal states for the protection of the rights and interests of coastal States. Therefore, in order to protect our country's marine interests effectively, it is very important to make clear the relevant procedures of the implementation of the right of tight pursuit and to perfect the legislative system of the right of tight pursuit. First of all, this paper introduces the concept and properties of the right of tight pursuit. It is indicated that the right of tight pursuit is in fact the continuation and extension of the jurisdiction of the coastal State in the sea area under its jurisdiction and the exception of the principle of freedom of the high seas and the principle of exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State. Secondly, it introduces the historical development of the right of hot pursuit and the international compilation of the right of tight pursuit. It has become an important international custom to discuss the right of hot pursuit, and with the development of the law of the sea, it has been improved. Thirdly, the paper introduces the constitutive elements and implementation procedure of the right of tight pursuit. This paper expounds the legal basis for exercising the right of tight pursuit in different sea areas, correctly interprets the terms "illegal act" and "sufficient reason", and determines the position of the illegal ship, the stopping signal, the immediacy and continuity of the pursuit, and the termination of the hot pursuit. The use of force and the responsibility of illegal pursuit are analyzed and their own opinions are put forward. Finally, this paper analyzes the current situation and existing problems of the legislation on the right of tight pursuit in our country, and points out that there is a certain gap between the domestic legislation on the right of tight pursuit and the relevant provisions of international law. China's domestic legislation on the right of hot pursuit is scattered and inconsistent, lacking practical rules and procedural provisions, and the maritime law enforcement system is scattered, and the enforcement power is weak. To some extent, these problems hinder the development of China's marine undertakings. In view of these problems, the author thinks that we should formulate a comprehensive maritime law enforcement law in accordance with the actual situation of our country in order to perfect the relevant legislative mechanism of our country and safeguard the rights and interests of the sea. The right of tight pursuit is an indispensable tool to safeguard the marine rights and interests of our country. The legal provisions concerning the right of hot pursuit are mainly embodied in the Law of the people's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the contiguous Zone, and the Law of the people's Republic of China on the exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf. But generally speaking, the legislation about the right of tight pursuit is scattered, inconsistent and lack of maneuverability. These problems will inevitably affect the efficiency of China's maritime rights and interests and even lead to undue international conflicts. Perfecting the domestic legislation and strengthening the implementation mechanism of the right of tight pursuit will help to safeguard the marine rights and interests of our country and demonstrate our country's determination and ability to defend the sovereignty of the sea and to safeguard the rights and interests of the sea.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D993.5

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