海盗赎金的性质及分摊研究

发布时间：2019-01-23 13:48

【摘要】：近几年，活跃的海盗极大的阻碍了各国的海洋运输事业，给海运各方及其国家带来了很大的损失和困扰，，引起了国际各界人士的广泛关注，也由此而产生了一系列国际政治经济问题。而在其中对海上海运事业影响最大的还是海盗赎金如何分配的问题。在现行的海盗事件中，海盗劫持了船舶后，往往会以此为要挟，像船方要求巨额的赎金，为了保护船舶及船舶上的人员和货物的安全，船方不得不按照海盗的要求向海盗支付巨额的赎金。在赎回船舶抵达目的港后，船东往往会向货主要求共同承担赎金，否则将留置货物，货物所有人则会根据货物运输保险条款要求保险公司承担保险责任，但各方最终是否应该实现其所各自所期望的赔偿，这在航运界一直颇有争议。海盗行为的性质在现代国际法领域一直被定义为非法行为，故而向海盗支付赎金行为的合法性就具有较大争议。如果如部分船东所想列入共同海损中进行分担，其是否合法性就成为了是否符合共同海损争议的焦点之一，而且即使可以列入了共同海损，那能否根据传统的保险条款对根据共同海损分摊后的费用进行理赔，就成为了海上保险人比较困惑的事情，在现行的海上保险中，海盗险条款是在附加险的海洋运输货物战争险条款中列明的，其主要针对的是海盗的暴力掠夺行为所造成的货物损失、船舶损失。而现如今活跃的海盗大部分只是劫持船舶以索要赎金，并不对船货以及人员的安全造成实质损害，因此现行情况下的海盗赎金是否在现有的海盗险承保范围内以及应该如何分摊争议颇大。因此，为了分析上述问题，本文将从海盗赎金的构成进行切入，分析海盗赎金的性质。然后根据共同海损的构成要件及其他要求对海盗赎金进行分析，以分析其是否可以归属于共同海损，以及是否其全部的构成部分均可以纳入共同海损进行分摊和理算。最后，根据海盗的性质进行分析，其是否属于海盗保险可以投保的风险，以确定分摊后的海盗赎金是否可以纳入海上保险进行分摊，以分化各利益相关方的风险，从而促进和保护海上运输过程的正常运行。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the active pirates have greatly hindered the maritime transportation of various countries, brought great losses and troubles to the parties and countries involved in maritime transport, and caused widespread concern by people from all walks of life in the world. It also gives rise to a series of international political and economic problems. Among them, the biggest impact on maritime transport is the issue of how pirate ransom is allocated. In the current piracy incidents, pirates often use this as a threat after hijacking a ship, such as a huge ransom demanded by the ship, in order to protect the ship and its people and cargo. The ship had to pay a hefty ransom to the pirates at their request. After the ship is redeemed to the port of destination, the shipowner will often demand from the owner of the ship that the ransom be shared, otherwise the goods will be retained, and the owner of the goods will require the insurance company to bear the insurance liability in accordance with the cargo transport insurance clause. But whether the parties should eventually meet their respective expectations of compensation, this has been controversial in the shipping community. The nature of piracy has always been defined as an illegal act in the field of modern international law, so the legality of paying ransom to pirates is controversial. If some shipowners wish to be shared in general average, their legality becomes one of the focal points of dispute over conformity with general average, and even if they can be included in general average, Whether we can make a claim on the basis of the expenses apportioned under general average in accordance with the traditional insurance clauses has become a more perplexing matter for marine insurers. In the current marine insurance, The term of pirate insurance is listed in the additional marine cargo war risk clause, which is mainly aimed at the loss of goods caused by the violent predation of pirates and the loss of ships. Nowadays, most of the active pirates hijack ships for ransom, and do not cause material damage to the safety of ships, cargo and personnel. Therefore, whether pirate ransom is covered by the existing piracy insurance and how to distribute it is controversial. Therefore, in order to analyze the above problems, this paper will analyze the nature of pirate ransom from the composition of pirate ransom. Then, according to the constitutive requirements and other requirements of general average, the ransoms of pirates are analyzed to determine whether they can be attributed to general average, and whether all their components can be assessed and adjusted in general average. Finally, based on the nature of piracy, an analysis is made as to whether it is a risk that piracy insurance can be insured in order to determine whether the assessed piracy ransom can be shared under marine insurance, in order to divide the risks of various stakeholders, In order to promote and protect the normal operation of the maritime transport process.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.19

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