北极航道权属之争问题研究

发布时间：2019-02-22 10:12

【摘要】：随着全球气候变暖，北极冰川融化，北极航道的价值逐渐“浮出水面”，而迄今为止，尚未有任何国际法直接规定北极航道的归属问题。也正是因为法律的缺位导致世界各国对北极航道权属的争夺愈演愈烈。因此通过综合运用历史分析法、文献分析法、规范分析法和比较分析法进行分析，对北极航道权属之争的问题进行全面分析和研究，不仅可以填补北极航道的法律空白，缓解矛盾，而且可以丰富北极航道权属之争解决方法的多样性。此外，，北极航道权属问题的解决对于我国的海运发展和国家安全意义也尤为重大。早在中世纪人类就已经开始了对北极航道的探索活动，并最终开通了最有价值的西北航道和东北航道，这就是狭义上的北极航道。近些年来，北极航道的巨大价值逐渐突显，但北极航道仍然处于法律真空地带，因此导致了世界各国对北极航道的权属进行激烈的争夺。加拿大和俄罗斯分别提出对西北航道和东北航道享有主权权利的要求，并主要以“扇形原则”、“历史性水域”和“直线基线”以及相关国内立法作为法律依据，但这些法律依据都存在着令人难以信服的瑕疵。相反，以美国为首的国家则主张北极航道为“国际航行海峡”，但目前北极航道尚不满足国际航行海峡所应具有的功能性标准，也很难被划定为国际航行海峡，但不排除未来其符合功能性标准的可能性。现阶段，学术界中主要存在四种解决北极航道权属问题的方法，但都存在着很多难以解决的问题，因此《斯瓦尔巴条约》模式应运而生，即形式上承认加、俄两国的权利主张，但实质上这两个航道为国际航行海峡，缔约国要在加、俄的主权管辖下行使自由航行权。此外，针对北极航道的特殊情况，提出了该模式创建时所应注意的生态环境和自然历史因素，并进一步对争端双方立场、北极航道的现状以及马六甲海峡的实际解决情况进行分析，得出该模式运行之可行性。
[Abstract]:With global warming and melting Arctic glaciers, the value of Arctic waterways has gradually "surfaced", and so far there is no international law that directly governs the attribution of Arctic waterways. It is precisely because of the absence of laws that countries in the world compete for the ownership of the Arctic waterway. Therefore, through the comprehensive use of historical analysis, literature analysis, normative analysis and comparative analysis, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis and research on the dispute over the ownership of the Arctic waterway, which can not only fill in the legal blank of the Arctic Waterway, The conflict can be alleviated and the diversity of the Arctic waterway ownership dispute can be enriched. In addition, the solution of Arctic waterway ownership is of great significance to the development of maritime transport and national security in China. As early as the Middle Ages, people began to explore the Arctic Channel, and finally opened the most valuable Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage, which is the Arctic Channel in a narrow sense. In recent years, the great value of the Arctic waterway has been gradually highlighted, but the Arctic Waterway is still in the legal vacuum zone, which leads to fierce competition for the ownership of the Arctic Waterway in the world. Canada and Russia, respectively, claim sovereign rights to the Northwest Passage and the North-East Passage, mainly based on the "sector principle", "historic waters" and "straight baselines", as well as relevant domestic legislation, But there are unconvincing flaws in these legal grounds. On the contrary, the countries led by the United States advocate the Arctic Channel as the "Straits of International Navigation." however, at present, the Arctic Channel does not meet the functional standards required for international navigation straits, and it is difficult to be classified as an internationally navigational strait. But it does not rule out the possibility that it meets functional standards in the future. At the present stage, there are mainly four ways to solve the problem of ownership of Arctic waterway in academic circles, but there are many difficult problems. Therefore, the Svalbard model emerged as the times require, that is, the formal recognition of the claims of rights of Canada and Russia. But in essence, these two channels are international navigation straits, and the contracting states should exercise the right of free navigation under the sovereignty of Canada and Russia. In addition, in view of the special circumstances of the Arctic waterway, the ecological environment and natural historical factors which should be paid attention to in the establishment of the model are put forward, and the positions of the two parties to the dispute are further discussed. The present situation of the Arctic Channel and the practical solution of Malacca Strait are analyzed, and the feasibility of the model is obtained.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D993.3

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