难民的国际法律保护制度的完善

发布时间：2019-02-23 10:31

【摘要】：难民问题已不是一个新鲜话题,而是一个由来已久的历史性问题,难民这一概念可以追溯到第一次世界大战,1918年以后国际法领域最初产生了难民的概念,与此同时伴随出现难民保护机制。近年来,随着国家间贫富差距的加大,加之一些国家和区域政治形势的不稳定,在国际社会背景下,经济全球化和政治一体化带来便宜的同时也给国际社会带来了负面影响,使难民产生原因更具多样化,复杂化,难民问题给国际社会带来越来越大的压力。作为难民保护史上的两个国际性法律文件,1951年《关于难民地位的公约》和1967年《关于难民地位的议定书》在多变复杂的背景下保护难民权益也显得力不从心。难民法以及国际社会建立的难民保护原则与规则,虽然在全球难民保护实践中取得了一定成果,但由于世界各国对于难民以及难民保护在认知上存在一定的差异,再加上相对不成熟的难民参与机制,要使当前紧张的全球难民形势得以缓解,国际社会仍需付出巨大努力。有鉴于此,本文选取国际法律难民保护机制的视角,深入探讨了难民权益保护的相关问题,针对现有的难民法律保护机制进行了鞭辟入里的分析,结合目前时代背景、难民产生原因的多样化以及现有难民保护法律法规的不足与难民权益保护在实践上存在的障碍,为难民的国际法律保护机制谏言。论文的框架由引言、正文、结论构成。其中正文分为三部分。第一部分难民问题概述,主要是对难民这一基本概念进行概述。首先,介绍了难民在普遍意义上的定义以及按照难民产生原因进行的分类;然后,根据难民的产生原因以及目前的发展形势,对难民的国际社会影响进行了论述;其次,概述了在难民保护实践中所基于的相关法律文件;最后,在难民保护的责任主体方面,主要对主权国家和国际组织进行了简单概述。第二部分难民的国际法律保护存在的不足。该部分在综合分析当前国际难民保护的相关法律法规以及实践中的难民保护的基础上,提出了难民问题在国际法律保护机制下所存在的几点缺陷。首先在难民保护制度中,难民定义存在缺陷,难民认定的国际法规、公约不健全;其次是难民保护实践中责任主体不明确,难民遣返后续关注不到位的问题;最后是难民接收国在援助难民运作过程中存在的各国难民相关法律法规的认知偏差,各国难民机制衔接以及接收国承受的巨大压力的问题。第三部分基于难民国际法律保护机制的不足,提出笔者的几点建议。首先,重点阐述如何建立健全的难民保护法律基础,立足于完善难民保护国际公约,各国难民法律体系以及创制新型难民保护的法律法规;其次,健全难民保护在实践中的具体措施,加强国家间合作,优化责任主体职能;最后,构建难民多元保护机制,发挥非政府组织以及媒体等第三方主体在难民保护中的重大作用。
[Abstract]:The refugee problem is no longer a new topic, but a historic one. The concept of refugees dates back to the first World War, and the concept of refugees first emerged in the field of international law after 1918. At the same time, the emergence of refugee protection mechanisms. In recent years, with the widening gap between rich and poor among countries and the instability of political situation in some countries and regions, under the background of international society, economic globalization and political integration have brought about not only cheap but also negative impact on the international community. The more diverse and complicated the causes are, the greater the pressure on the international community. As two international legal documents in the history of refugee protection, the 1951 Convention relating to the status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol relating to the status of Refugees are unable to protect the rights and interests of refugees under the changing and complicated background. Although the refugee law and the principles and rules of refugee protection established by the international community have made some achievements in the global refugee protection practice, there are certain differences in the perception of refugees and refugee protection among countries in the world. Coupled with relatively immature mechanisms for refugee participation, the international community still needs to do a lot to ease the current tense global refugee situation. In view of this, this paper selects the angle of view of international legal refugee protection mechanism, deeply discusses the related problems of refugee rights protection, analyzes the existing refugee legal protection mechanism, and combines with the background of the present era. The diversity of the causes of refugees, the deficiency of the existing laws and regulations of refugee protection and the obstacles in the practice of the protection of the rights and interests of refugees, advise the international legal protection mechanism of refugees. The framework of the paper is composed of introduction, text and conclusion. The text is divided into three parts. The first part is an overview of the refugee problem, mainly the basic concept of refugees. Firstly, the definition of refugees in the universal sense and the classification according to the causes of the refugees are introduced, and then, according to the causes of the refugees and the current development situation, the impact of the refugees on the international community is discussed. Secondly, it summarizes the relevant legal documents based on in the practice of refugee protection; finally, in the aspect of the subject of refugee protection responsibility, it mainly summarizes the sovereign states and international organizations. The second part is the deficiency of international legal protection of refugees. On the basis of the comprehensive analysis of the relevant laws and regulations of international refugee protection and the refugee protection in practice, this part puts forward some defects of the refugee problem under the international legal protection mechanism. Firstly, in the refugee protection system, there are defects in the definition of refugees, the international regulations and conventions of refugee identification are not perfect; secondly, in the practice of refugee protection, the subject of responsibility is not clear and the follow-up concerns of refugee repatriation are not in place. Finally, there are some problems in the operation of refugee assistance in the host country, such as the cognitive deviation of the relevant laws and regulations, the connection of the national refugee mechanism and the great pressure on the receiving country. The third part puts forward some suggestions based on the deficiency of international legal protection mechanism for refugees. First of all, how to establish a sound legal basis for refugee protection, based on the improvement of international conventions on refugee protection, refugee legal systems in various countries and the creation of new types of refugee protection laws and regulations; Secondly, perfect the concrete measures of refugee protection in practice, strengthen inter-state cooperation, optimize the function of responsibility subject; Finally, the multiple refugee protection mechanism should be constructed to play an important role in refugee protection by non-governmental organizations and other third parties such as the media.
【学位授予单位】：河北经贸大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D998

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