领海基点保护视角下岛礁灭失国际法问题探析

发布时间：2019-03-26 13:48

【摘要】：在现代国际海洋法框架下,一国对其拥有的岛礁享有创设领海海域等一系列海洋权利。由于海平面上升、海底地震、人为破坏等因素的影响,海洋岛礁可能会被淹没或产生物理性解体,从而导致其在事实上或法律上灭失,而《联合国海洋法公约》未对岛礁灭失的法律后果做明文规定。即使岛礁已经因恶意破坏消失,但仍保留其海域权利。从实际来看,岛礁的灭失客观上存在着不同的情形,其涉及的法律问题也可能会因此而存在差异。其中,对作为领海基点的岛礁所进行的人为恶意破坏,损害的是极其重大的国家利益,在这类岛礁灭失后,如果笼统地奉行"海洋权利灭失说",将对受害国的国家利益造成永久性的不可逆伤害,并可能在海洋争端中对一国恶意破坏他国岛礁的行为构成法律上的负向激励,有违《联合国海洋法公约》立法本意和国际正义。鉴于此,有必要建立"拟制岛礁"制度,保护和延续因特定原因灭失的相关岛礁的法定权利,并推动国际海洋法律制度的良性发展。
[Abstract]:In the framework of modern international law of the sea, a State has a series of maritime rights over the islands and reefs it owns, such as the creation of territorial sea areas. As a result of sea-level rise, seafloor earthquakes, and man-made destruction, ocean islands and reefs may be submerged or physically disintegrated, leading to de facto or legal loss, The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not make explicit provisions on the legal consequences of loss of islands and reefs. Even though the islands and reefs have disappeared due to malicious damage, they still retain their maritime rights. In reality, there are different circumstances in the loss of islands and reefs, and the legal problems involved in them may also be different. Among them, the malicious destruction of the islands and reefs, which are the base points of the territorial sea, is to the detriment of extremely important national interests. After the loss of such islands and reefs, if the "theory of loss of maritime rights" is pursued in general terms, Will cause permanent irreversible harm to the national interests of the injured State and may constitute a legal negative incentive in maritime disputes for a State to vandalize the islands and reefs of another State, Contrary to the legislative intent and international justice of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In view of this, it is necessary to establish a "planned reef" system to protect and renew the legal rights of the islands and reefs lost for specific reasons, and to promote the benign development of the international marine legal regime.
【作者单位】：华东政法大学法学博士后流动站;国家海洋局南海调查技术中心驻重点实验室;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金青年项目(15CFX071) 国家海洋局南海分局海洋科学技术局长基金项目(1527、1672);国家海洋局南海维权技术与应用重点实验室开放基金项目(1502)
【分类号】：D993.5

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