国际服务贸易保障措施制度之构建

发布时间：2019-05-24 10:11

【摘要】：自上世纪八十年代起,全球经济发展迅猛,贸易对象及贸易模式呈多样化的发展态势。国际服务贸易相对货物贸易来讲,作为一种新兴的贸易产业更是快速发展,当代国际服务贸易更是呈现了多种特征。但是,和贸易产业发展速度不相称的是,在整个国际贸易法律体系下,对服务贸易的规制并不是很完善,尤其是作为贸易救济制度的保障措施制度更是缺位。保障措施制度作为国际贸易救济制度之一,与反倾销、反补贴有着本质的不同,它主要是针对公平的国际贸易对国内产业造成的损害而启动的,对于保障一国国民经济的健康发展有着重要的意义。虽然货物贸易领域已经建立了以《保障措施协议》为代表的保障措施制度,但是对于服务贸易领域中保障措施制度,尽管WTO各成员之间已历经多年的谈判,却难以达成共识,甚至到目前为止连该制度是否有必要存在都还是各方争议的焦点。作为WTO组织的各成员基于各自的基本立场在是否建立保障措施制度、选用何种模式建构服务贸易保障措施制度等问题上都提出了不同的主张。通过对各成员方在建构服务贸易保障措施上的分歧的分析,我们发现,保障措施在国际贸易中对一国的产业经济有着“安全阀”的作用,正如在货物贸易领域一样,保障措施制度在服务贸易领域的建构将会给服务产业正处于起步阶段或竞争力较低的国家以适当的调整期,不至于使这些国家的产业面对突如其来的外部竞争陷入瘫痪。同时,在服务贸易领域建构保障措施制度既是对各成员方国内利益的尊重,也有利于更大程度的贸易自由化,也有利于国际经济的健康发展,建构服务贸易保障措施有着其本身的必要性。服务贸易保障措施的建构意义重大,WTO成员国以及各国的学者都对其有过研究,但是由于涉及到的成员国国内利益等问题较多,以致各方意见难以统一在制度的建构上为了能使各方达成共识,有必要在诸多的意见中寻求一种妥协。虽然WTO各成员方针对采用何种模式建构服务保障措施提出了多种方案,但主要可以归结为两种模式,一种是将保障措施规则并入到GATS体系,使其成为GATS的附属条款,但该种模式从实体到程序均未合理考虑到服务贸易的特殊性,因而对服务贸易保障措施的借鉴意义不大。毕竟服务贸易本身有一定的特殊性,而成员提出的方案也都是在考虑自己国内利益的基础上作出的。想要建构一个适合于各成员方利益的保障措施规则,既要考虑服务贸易的特性,又要兼顾服务贸易各方在服务产业发展上的不平衡。综合考量这些因素之后,以东盟提出的参考货物贸易保障措施制度来建构一个平行于《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)的保障措施协定为代表的模式就有了一定的合理性、可行性。毕竟货物贸易领域的保障措施发展的时间较长,发展程度较为完善,可以作为建构服务贸易保障措施的参考。而且,通过对GATS的详细分析,不难发现,如果将保障措施规则附属于GATS体系有一定的弊端,只有将这些规则并行于GATS,在具体的操作与执行的效果上才会更好。考虑到货物贸易与服务贸易的相通与差异之处,如何对货物贸易保障措施制度加以改进以使其适合服务贸易领域,其中就需要对国际服务贸易的整个法制状况以及货物贸易保障措施的基本情况有所了解。在整个国际服务贸易法制体系中,《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)占据重要的位置,其作为全球范围内第一个专门用来调整国际服务贸易的多边框架协定,开辟了服务贸易自由化的新纪元,为多边服务贸易谈判、国际服务贸易规则制定提供了合理的框架及对话机制。各成员可以充分发表自己在制定服务贸易领域保障措施上的意见。同时也为建构服务贸易保障措施提供了一定的规则。同时,货物贸易领域的保障措施规则已趋成熟,对于保障措施的实施目的、实施条件、实施程序、监督补救机制都有了较为完善的规定,为服务贸易领域建构保障措施制度提供了极大的参考价值,WT0各成员需要做的就是如何在参考货物贸易领域保障措施的基础上达成一致,以使服务贸易的保障措施早日出台。只有这样,服务业发达的国家追求的最大程度的贸易自由化、国际市场的最大开放以及服务业欠发达国家所担忧的国内产业受到冲击,不利于国民经济的健康有序发展等问题就会迎刃而解。在此基础上,对已趋成熟的货物贸易保障措施中的部分概念性表述加以分析,如,如何在服务贸易领域来界定“进口产品”、“同类或相竞争的产业”、“损害或者损害威胁”等术语,并对其中的程序性规定进行探讨,如货物贸易领域中所要求的通知、磋商、监督、实施期限等程序性规则能否适用于服务贸易领域,又该如何适用等,同时,由于服务贸易模式的多样化,根据GATS的相关规定,服务贸易的四种模式对保障措施的具体实施有不同的要求,在建构时需要根据不同的模式来分别讨论,进而来建构起适用于服务贸易的保障措施制度。不过,保障措施的实施毕竟只是为了暂时性地给国内产业以调整期,使其更好地适应国际竞争环境,国内产业的健康发展不能过分依赖于这一制度,而只能将其作为临时性的保障。提高本国产业的国际竞争力才是国内经济发展的最佳途径。
[Abstract]:Since the 1980s, the global economy has developed rapidly and the trade object and the trade pattern have diversified. As an emerging trade industry, the trade of international trade in goods is a rapid development. However, the development speed of the trade industry is not commensurate with the development speed of the trade industry. Under the whole international trade law system, the regulation of the service trade is not perfect, especially as the safeguard measure system of the trade relief system is absent. As one of the international trade remedy system, the safeguard measure system is different from the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy system. It is mainly aimed at the harm of the fair international trade to the domestic industry, and it is important to guarantee the healthy development of a country's national economy in that area of trade in goods, the system of safeguard measures in the area of service trade has been set up, but the system of safeguard measures in the area of service trade is difficult to achieve in spite of the years of negotiation among the members of the WTO To know, even to date, whether the system is necessary or not is the focus of the dispute As a member of the WTO, different masters have been put forward on the basis of the basic position of the WTO, the establishment of the safeguard measure system, the model construction of the service trade guarantee measure system, etc. Zhang. Through the analysis of the differences of the members in the construction of the service trade guarantee measures, we have found that the safeguard measures have the "safety valve" to the industrial economy of a country in international trade, just as in the trade of goods Like the domain, the construction of the safeguards system in the area of service trade will bring the service industry in a starting or competitive state with an appropriate adjustment period, so that the industry of these countries will not face the sudden outside competition At the same time, the construction of the safeguards system in the area of service trade is both a respect for the domestic interests of the members and a greater degree of trade liberalization, which is also conducive to the healthy development of the international economy, and the construction of the service trade guarantee measures has its own The necessity and the significance of the construction of the service trade guarantee measure, the WTO member countries and the scholars of all countries have studied them, but because the problems of the domestic interests of the member countries involved are so many, the opinions of the parties are difficult to be unified on the construction of the system so as to enable each party to It is necessary to find a consensus among the parties, and it is necessary to find out in many opinions This paper is a kind of compromise. Although the policy of every member of the WTO has put forward a variety of schemes for the model construction service guarantee measures, it can be summed up in two modes, one is to incorporate the safeguard measure rule into the GATS system, make it a GA The subsidiary clauses of the TS, but the model has not taken into account the particularity of the service trade from the entity to the procedure, so the service trade guarantee measures After all, the service trade itself has some special characteristics, and the proposals put forward by the members are also taking into account their domestic interests On the basis of building a rule of safeguard measures suitable for the interests of all members, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the service trade, and to balance the service trade parties in the service industry After a comprehensive consideration of these factors, it is necessary to build a model parallel to the General Agreement on Trade in Goods (GATS) to form a model parallel to the General Agreement on Trade in Goods (GATS) It is reasonable and feasible. After all, the development of the safeguard measures in the trade area of goods is long, the development degree is perfect, and it can be used as the construction service trade It is not difficult to find out the reference of the safeguard measures. In addition, through the detailed analysis of the GATS, it is not difficult to find out that, if the safeguard measures rule is attached to the GATS system, only these rules are parallel to the GATS, and in the specific operation and execution The effect will be better. In view of the communication and difference of the trade between the goods and the service, how to improve the system of goods trade guarantee measures to suit the service trade field, in which the whole legal status of international service trade and the safeguard measures for trade in goods are needed As a whole, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which is the first multilateral framework agreement to regulate international trade in services, opened up services as the first multilateral framework agreement to regulate international trade in services throughout the international trade and legal system. The new era of trade liberalization provides a basis for multilateral trade negotiations and the development of rules for international trade in services The framework and the dialogue mechanism of the organization. Members can make full use of their own service trade collar Comments on the security measures of the domain, and also measures for the construction of service trade At the same time, the rules of the safeguard measures in the field of trade in goods have become mature, and the implementation of the safeguard measures, the implementation conditions, the implementation procedures and the supervision and remedy mechanism have been well established, and the construction of the safeguard measures system in the field of service trade For a great reference value, the members of the WT0 need to make a consensus on how to guarantee the service trade based on the reference to the trade area of goods. It is not conducive to the healthy and orderly development of the national economy, except that the largest degree of trade liberalization in the developed countries of the service industry, the largest opening of the international market and the impact of the domestic industry of the service industry in the developed countries are not conducive to the healthy and orderly development of the national economy. On this basis, some conceptual expressions of the mature goods trade guarantee measures are analyzed, such as how to define the terms such as "Imported products", "An industry of the same kind or competition.", "Damage or damage to a threat" and so on in the field of service trade, The procedural rules, such as the notice, consultation, supervision and implementation time required in the area of trade in goods, can be applied to the area of service trade, and how to apply, and, at the same time, due to the diversification of the service trade mode, according to the The relevant regulations of GATS and the four modes of service trade have different requirements for the specific implementation of the safeguard measures. However, the implementation of the safeguard measures is, after all, to provide the domestic industry with an adjustment period to better adapt to the international competition environment, and the healthy development of the domestic industry cannot be excessively dependent on this system, and only can be used as a temporary guarantee, and the international competitiveness of the national industry is improved
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1

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