网络虚拟财产研究

发布时间：2018-01-20 14:20

本文关键词： 网络虚拟财产财产权利属性争议法律保护　出处：《武汉大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：网络虚拟财产自“网络虚拟财产第一案”起就备受学界与实务界关注。它作为新事物处于不断发展变化中,学界对其研究也在不断深入。目前学界在网络虚拟财产是否为财产、应纳入何种法律保护范围及所涉各方权利义务如何界定等重要理论问题上存在分歧。现今网络游戏产业年收入超过千亿、网游用户数以亿计,有必要进一步厘清这些问题。由于网络虚拟财产出现为时不长,学界对于相关问题研究并没完全展开与深入。而笔者认为基于网络虚拟财产发展蓬勃及对民众影响渐深之情况,有必要对网络虚拟财产本质、属性以及如何保护做进一步研究,同时基于纠纷高发态势与立法缺失导致诸多问题之现状,立法机关应对网络虚拟财产保护问题予以重视,加强立法。法律界也应设法解决目前数量庞大的网络虚拟财产纠纷。文章第一部分探讨网络虚拟财产与财产之关系。远古时代财产主要指“奴隶、牛羊、各类货物”。进入农业社会,土地、房屋开始成为社会非常重要之财产。到近现代,光源、电力、热能等以往人类很难控制之物成为财产,股票、债券、商业标记、各种智力成果也成为非常重要的财产类型。财产随着社会进步始终处于发展变革状态。但财产有其基本属性。有学者认为财产即物。根据罗马法之规定,物可分为有体物与无体物。有体物指的是指的是具备外在物质实体、人类可直接感知之物,无体物指权利。部分学者认为人类社会所有财产皆可囊括于物之中。不过权利与物并非同一逻辑层次之概念,且根据不少新兴财产之特点已不太适合纳入物之范畴。为避免逻辑体系混乱,德国物权法已经明确物即有体物。社会发展进步导致财产与物由一致走向分裂。在历史长河中虽然财产形式在不断发展变化,但它也形成了稳定的属性：客观性、价值性、稀缺性、可控性。经过对网络虚拟财产“否定论”、“肯定论”之比较分析,兼之以传统财产法理论作为印证,得出网络虚拟财产符合财产之基本属性,属于财产。文章第二部分研究网络虚拟财产之权利属性。从“网络虚拟财产第一案”起,学界与实务界对网络虚拟财产之权利属性存在很大分歧,兼之法律对此也无明确规定,导致司法实践中经常出现类似案件裁判不统一之现象。这也让玩家、运营商及法律工作者“困惑”。针对网络虚拟财产权利属性,目前主要有物权说、债权说、知识产权说、新型财产权说等理论学说。尤其物权说、债权说支持者甚众。其中物权说内部还分为所有权说与使用权说、典型物权说与准物权说之争。债权说认为网络虚拟财产权属于债权,网络虚拟财产只不过为玩家根据游戏合同要求运营商提供游戏服务之凭证。知识产权说认为网络虚拟财产中凝结了玩家智力投入,因此可将其视为智力成果纳入知识产权保护范围。基于网络虚拟财产之特性新型财产权说认为应将其视为一种特殊的新型财产予以保护。笔者通过对各种学说之评析得出：网络虚拟财产因其具有非物质性、期限性不属于物,不宜划入物权法调整范围,又因其具有支配性与排他性使之区别于债,其产生过程并不具有创造性不能视为知识产品,将其视为新型财产很难解决现实问题。而无形财产体系之包容性与开放性给网络虚拟财产归入该体系提供了条件。将网络虚拟财产权纳入无形财产权范畴不至于给传统的物权、债权、知识产权体系带来大的冲击,破坏它们体系的逻辑性与完整性,又可以根据其特性有针对性地采取保护措施。文章第三部分主要研究网络虚拟财产归属问题。网络虚拟财产未与网络游戏“分离”前,它作为网络游戏的一部分,游戏设计商与运营商在其开发制作过程中投入大量人力、物力、财力,因此判定此阶段网络虚拟财产应归属于游戏设计商与运营商。而玩家通过游戏或购买使网络虚拟财产脱离原初的“自然状态”,付出时间、精力、金钱甚至凭借运气取得网络虚拟财产。考察网络虚拟财产争议问题时,需考量网络虚拟财产所处阶段,其归属不能一概而论。通过架设私服、使用非法外挂等方式取得网络虚拟财产可能侵害游戏设计商与运营商的著作权和财产权。文章第四部分对网络虚拟财产典型争议问题进行研究。首先对目前主要的网络虚拟财产争议类型以及其中所涉各方权利义务进行界定,此举可为争议解决提供依据。在争议中经常需要确定网络虚拟财产价值,目前可供选择与参考的价值确定方式有玩家直接经济投入、交易平台价格、运营商售卖价、中立机构鉴定价以及销赃价等。可上述方式皆存在一定问题或弊端,如将玩家直接经济投入视为网络虚拟财产之价值无法体现玩家投入的时间成本；交易平台价格很难反映稀有极品装备之真实价值；中立机构鉴定法程序较为复杂,耗时较长。因此纠纷中网络虚拟财产价值需依据纠纷类型与特点综合认定。在此基础上进而探讨目前争议较大的两个网络虚拟财产侵权问题：失窃网络虚拟财产能否适用善意取得；网络虚拟财产遭遇侵权能否要求精神损害赔偿。第一个问题：在分析国内外相关立法以及网络虚拟财产交易的特殊环境后,本文认为只要受让玩家满足善意以及支付合理对价之条件可以取得失窃网络虚拟财产的所有权。此制度之建立有助于保护交易安全,降低交易成本,维护社会秩序稳定。第二个问题：本文在分析财产侵权建立精神损害赔偿制度之必要性分析基础上,认为并非所有网络虚拟财产遭遇侵权皆可索取精神损害赔偿。如欲索取精神损害赔偿需满足两个条件：第一,受侵害的网络虚拟财产为具有精神利益之财产；第二,侵权行为给受害人造成严重的精神损害。文章第五部分研究网络虚拟财产法律保护问题。在前一部分运营商权利义务分析的基础上,进一步明确游戏运营商在网络虚拟财产保护中应承担何种责任。基于虚拟空间之特点、玩家对运营商信赖以及运营商技术能力,游戏运营商应对用户网络虚拟财产承担起相应安全保障义务。对网络虚拟财产相关安全保障义务具体内容与法理依据进行了阐述。在对运营商设置的游戏注册协议进行分析时发现,多数运营商会设置逃避己方主要义务、加重用户责任之格式条款,由此也产生不少纠纷。笔者认为此类条款应按照合同法第39、40、41条之规定来认定其效力。通过对域外韩、美、日、台、港等国家与地区关于网络虚拟财产立法的比较研究可以看到这些国家与地区对网络虚拟财产这类新事物所做之有益探索,其中不少纠纷处理与解决方案值得我国参考。“它山之石,可以攻玉”。依据网络虚拟财产纠纷争议数额不高,多数纠纷并不复杂之特点,建议引入小额诉讼程序。此制度可有效提高纠纷解决效率、方便当事人维权。根据上海法院解决网络虚拟财产纠纷之经验,可设置类似商品服务在线争议处理模式来对大部分网络虚拟财产纠纷进行在线“调解”与“仲裁”,此举较为便捷,亦可节省司法成本与当事人维权支出。总而言之,网络虚拟财产问题已经发展到法律界不可回避之地步。为有效遏制侵权现象,解决纠纷,维护公民合法权益,法律需对网络虚拟财产相关问题做出及时回应。如果相关工作停滞不前,会让法律对网络虚拟财产所形成新型社会关系之调整处于被动,也不利于网络游戏产业健康发展及社会秩序稳定。
[Abstract]:The network virtual property from the "virtual property" the first case has much academic and practical concerns. As new things are constantly changing and developing, academia in the research is also deepening. At present in the academic circles of the network virtual property is property, the differences should be included in the scope of legal protection and the parties involved how to define the rights and obligations and other important theoretical problems. Nowadays, the network game industry annual income of more than one hundred billion, hundreds of millions of online users, it is necessary to further clarify these issues. Because of the network virtual property appears too long, for the academic research and related issues not fully expanded and deepened. The author believes that the network virtual property and the vigorous development of based on the deep influence of the people, it is necessary to the nature of network virtual property, property protection and how to do further study, and based on the trend of high incidence of disputes and legislative deficiency A result of many problems of the status quo, problems of protection of network virtual property, the legislature should attach importance to it, strengthen the legislation. The legal profession should try to solve the huge number of network virtual property disputes. The first part discusses the network virtual property and the property relations. The ancient times property mainly refers to the "slave, cattle and sheep, all kinds of goods. In agriculture society, land, housing has become a very important social property. In modern times, light, power, heat and other past human is difficult to control things become the property, stocks, bonds, commercial marks, various intellectual achievements is a very important type of property. Property with social progress is always in the state. But the property development the basic properties. Some scholars think that the property. According to the provisions of Rome law, objects can be divided into tangible and intangible things. Material refers to the material with external Entity, direct perception of the human body, refers to the rights. Some scholars believe that the human society can be included in the property of all things. But the concept of rights and is not the same logic level, and according to many new property features are not suitable for the category. In order to avoid confusion in logic system, the German property law has made it clear that object. The development and progress of society and cause property. Split by the consistent trend. In history, although the property in the form of continuous development and change, but it also formed a stable attributes: objectivity, value, scarcity and controllability. Through the network virtual property "negative theory" "sure," the theory of comparative analysis, and the traditional property law theory as proof, that virtual property with the basic attributes of property belonging to the property right attribute. The second part of the research of network virtual property from. "The first case of virtual property, academics and practitioners of the attribute of network virtual property rights exist, and the law has no clear provisions in similar cases the referee does not unified the phenomenon in judicial practice. It also allows game player operators and legal workers," confusion ". According to the virtual network the nature of property rights, there are real right, creditor's rights, intellectual property rights, property rights and other new theories. Especially the real right, creditor's right. The supporters very public property right is divided into internal ownership and use right, property right and typical quasi property dispute. The latter thinks that the virtual network property right is a creditor's right, the network virtual property only for the certificate of service according to the game game player game contract requires operators. Intellectual property said that the network virtual property in the setting of intelligence into game player, It can be regarded as intellectual achievements into the scope of protection of intellectual property rights. Based on the characteristics of the network virtual property of a new type of property rights that should be protected as a kind of new special property. The author draws on the analysis of the theory of the network virtual property because of its non materiality time limit does not belong to. Should not be included in the adjustment range of the property law, but also because of its difference between the dominant and exclusive to debt, the process is not as creative intellectual products, is regarded as a new type of property is difficult to solve practical problems. The inclusion of intangible property system and open to the network virtual property in the system provides the condition of network virtual property into the category of intangible property than to the traditional real right, creditor's rights, bring big impact to the intellectual property system, destroy the logic and integrity of the system, And according to its characteristics to take protective measures. The third part mainly studies the network virtual property ownership. Virtual property and network game "separation", as part of the online games, game design and business operators to invest a lot of manpower, in its development in the process of making material resources, financial resources therefore, the decision stage of network virtual property should belong to the game design and business operators. The game player through the game or purchase virtual property from the original "natural state", time, energy, money and even by fortune. The influences of network virtual property disputes of virtual property, virtual property need to be considered at present, its ownership can not be generalized. By setting up servers, the illegal use of plug-in and other ways to obtain the network virtual property may infringe on game design companies and operators. For right and property right. The fourth part is about the research on the typical issues of network virtual property. Firstly, the current network virtual property disputes and the main types involved in defining the rights and obligations of the parties, the move can be provided. The dispute resolution in the dispute often need to determine the value of virtual property, currently available for selection and reference the ways to determine the direct economic value of game player input, trading platform operators selling price, price and price mechanism of neutral identification. The stolen goods can have some problems or shortcomings, such as the direct economic value as a game player into the network virtual property can not reflect the game player time investment cost; it is difficult to reflect the true value the price of rare best equipment trading platform; neutral body identification procedures more complex, time-consuming. So the network virtual property disputes in value According to the types of disputes and the characteristics of comprehensive appraisal. Then we discuss the controversial two network virtual property infringement problems: network virtual property theft can apply to bona fide acquisition; virtual property tort can ask for compensation for mental damage. The first question: in the analysis of domestic and international relevant legislation and the special environment of network virtual property transactions then, this paper argues that as long as the game player to meet the reasonable price of the goodwill and payment conditions can obtain ownership of network virtual property theft. The establishment of this system helps to protect the safety of transactions, reduce transaction costs, maintaining social order and stability. Second problems: Based on the analysis of property tort and analyzes the necessity of establishing the compensation system for mental damage on the basis of that, not all the network virtual property can obtain the tort for spiritual damages. Mental damages must meet two conditions: first, the network virtual property infringement property has spiritual interests; second, tort cause serious mental harm to the victim. The fifth part studies the legal protection of network virtual property. Based on the former part of the rights and obligations of operators on the analysis, to further clarify the game operators in the network virtual property protection should bear what responsibility. Based on the characteristics of virtual space, game player for operators and operators trust technical ability, game operators to deal with users of network virtual property assume the corresponding obligation of security. According to the network virtual property related security obligations and legal contents are expounded. Found in the Game Analysis on the operators of the registration agreement set, most operators will set its main escape obligations, increase the responsibility of the user The terms of format, which also produced a lot of disputes. The author thinks that such clauses should be in accordance with the provisions of article 39,40,41 of the contract law to determine its effectiveness. Based on the foreign Han, beauty, Taiwan, can be seen in these countries and regions have done something new to this kind of network virtual property of the beneficial exploration of comparative research on network virtual property the legislation of Hong Kong and other countries and regions, many disputes and solutions are worthy of our reference. "It mountain of stone, jade". On the basis of virtual property dispute disputes the amount is not high, most of the characteristics of disputes is not complicated, propose the introduction of small claims procedure. This system can effectively improve the efficiency of solving disputes, to facilitate the parties rights according to the experience of Shanghai court to resolve disputes of virtual property, can be set up similar goods and services online dispute processing mode to carry out online on most of the network virtual property disputes" Mediation "and" arbitration ", it is more convenient, but also to save judicial cost and expenditure of the parties rights. In short, network virtual property has been developed to the legal profession point can not be avoided. In order to effectively curb the phenomenon of infringement, to resolve disputes and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, the law of the virtual property related issues to make timely response. If related work is stagnant, will make the law of virtual property formed by adjusting the new social relations in a passive, is not conducive to the healthy development of the network game industry and social stability.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D913

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