我国货物多式联运立法研究

发布时间：2018-01-28 22:17

  本文关键词： 货物多式联运 立法模式 多式联运合同 多式联运单证 多式联运经营人责任 立法建议稿　出处：《大连海事大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着经济的快速发展,单一的运输方式已经无法满足货物贸易的要求,货物多式联运应运而生并持续发展。《鹿特丹规则》将调整范围扩大到“海运+其他”的“门到门”货物多式联运,各国开始关注并加大货物多式联运尤其是含海运货物多式联运的立法力度。我国货物多式联运的法律规定散见于《合同法》、《海商法》及其他单式运输方式立法中,难以适应我国“海运强国”、“一带一路”的全局发展战略,具有明显的滞后性。基于此,本文采用比较研究、理论联系实际等研究方法,借鉴国际社会、外国的立法经验,对我国货物多式联运立法展开全面性、系统性研究。本文除了引言、结论、附录外,共分为六章。引言部分介绍了本文的研究意义、研究现状、研究思路及研究方法;客观分析了我国货物多式联运立法研究的必要性与可行性,介绍了国内外研究成果。在理清研究思路的基础上,确定了本文的研究重点。第一章明确了货物多式联运的概念并介绍其发展现状。笔者从“运输方式”、“多式”、“联运”等方面入手,确定了货物多式联运是水路运输、公路运输、铁路运输和航空运输中两种以上运输方式的组合。明确了以运输过程中是否存在运输工具的转换或者不同种类运输工具介入作为判断“多式”的标准;将货物多式联运与“综合运输”、“物流”、“联营运输”等概念进行了比较,突出这种运输方式的特殊性;并以“海铁联运”、“陆桥运输”、“海空联运”、“陆空联运”等主要联运方式为主线,介绍了国际货物多式联运以及我国货物多式联运发展现状。第二章在理论研究基础上确立了我国货物多式联运的单独立法模式。笔者通过区分广义立法模式及狭义立法模式,明确了货物多式联运立法模式的目的性、构造性、动态性和整体性。通过货物多式联运的域外立法例分析,指出了对货物多式联运立法模式的选择受一国政治、经济、文化、多式联运发展程度等各种因素的影响。通过介绍我国学者对货物多式联运单独立法模式和分散立法模式的不同观点,提出了采用单独立法模式的主张,即由全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定《中华人民共和国货物多式联运法》(以下简称《货物多式联运法》)。建议该法由交通运输部负责提案,包含货物多式联运中具有私法性质的法律制度。在此基础上,主张修改完善已有法律,并逐步推进相关行政立法及地方立法。第三章论证了我国货物多式联运单独立法的必要性与可行性。笔者从五个方面阐述单独立法的必要性,即货物多式联运单独立法可以顺应货物多式联运的发展,符合货物多式联运立法国际发展趋势,可以促进我国综合运输法律体系建设,解决实践中法律适用问题,弥补现有法律漏洞。同时指出了以“法律形式”进行立法的必要性,即这种形式符合我国立法权限的运行趋势,能有效避免法律效力上的冲突,可以包含具有私法属性的货物多式联运主要法律制度,并切合我国立法的指导思想和原则。笔者还指出,《鹿特丹规则》的通过,我国货物多式联运政策的支持,“大部制改革”的推进以及专家学者的研究成果为货物多式联运单独立法提供了可行性。第四章明确了我国货物多式联运法的性质。笔者运用公法/私法界分理论,分析了货物多式联运领域的公法与私法界分。提出了货物多式联运合同制度、货物多式联运单证制度、货物多式联运经营人责任制度、货物多式联运合同请求权时效制度等,具有典型的私法性质。这些制度作为《货物多式联运法》中的主要制度,决定了该法的私法性质。也明确了货物多式联运经营人准入制度、货物多式联运经营人管理及处罚制度、货物多式联运基础设施建设等具有公法性质,由行政立法机关以行政法规或部门规章等形式加以规范。第五章确立了我国货物多式联运法的地位。笔者明确指出《货物多式联运法》中未涉及的货物多式联运合同一般原则,适用《合同法》的规定。《货物多式联运法》的“网状责任制”下,《海商法》及其他单式运输方式立法作为区段运输立法,在满足条件时会被适用。《合同法》、《海商法》未来的修改趋势中,有关货物多式联运的规定要尽量与《货物多式联运法》保持一致。对域外立法的选择,适用国际私法的“意思自治原则”及“最密切联系原则”。第六章重点研究了我国《货物多式联运法》的主要法律制度。第一,明确了货物多式联运合同范围。即起运地或目的地有一个在我国境内的货物多式联运合同,无论多式联运中的两种以上运输方式是否包含水路运输。第二,明确规定了货物多式联运合同主体及其权利义务。建议引入《鹿特丹规则》中履约方的概念,将其界定为“多式联运经营人以外,直接或者间接在多式联运经营人的要求、监督或者控制下,履行或者承诺履行多式联运经营人在多式联运合同中有关货物接收、装载、搬移、积载、运输、照料、保管、卸载或者交付的任何义务的人。”明确了各主体的权利义务。第三,完善了货物多式联运经营人责任制度。借鉴《鹿特丹规则》中的“最小网状责任制”,确定了多式联运经营人对货物灭失、损坏及迟延交付的赔偿责任及责任限制适用“经修订的网状责任制”,但区段法律的适用被限制在最小范围内;明确了经营人责任基础为推定过错责任原则,并规定了免责事项及举证责任;明确了经营人的责任期间为“接管货物时起至交付货物时止掌管货物的期间”。明确了经营人的责任范围包括货物灭失、损坏的赔偿及迟延交付造成经济损失的赔偿,界定了迟延交付的情形;依据多式联运是否包含水路运输,确定了多式联运经营人对货物灭失、损坏的赔偿责任限制适用不同的标准。规定了迟延交付导致经济损失的赔偿责任限制以及赔偿总额限制。第四,完善了货物多式联运单证制度。提出了多式联运经营人应当凭可转让多式联运单证正本交付货物,适用“无单放货”的规定。第五,确立了货物多式联运合同请求权诉讼时效制度。指出了货物多式联运合同请求权诉讼时效不适用“网状责任制”,借鉴我国《民法总则》,统一规定不同区段运输合同请求权诉讼时效及多式联运经营人向履约方的追偿时效。通过以上章节的论述,笔者进行了法律条文设计,形成了《中华人民共和国货物多式联运法》(建议稿),作为附录,供我国立法部门参考借鉴。期待本文的研究成果能推动我国货物多式联运立法,完善我国货物综合运输法律法规体系,促进货物多式联运市场可持续发展,并为尽快实现我国“海运强国”、“一带一路”的全局发展战略目标贡献力量。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of economy, the single mode of transport has been unable to meet the requirements of trade in goods, multimodal transport of goods came into being and sustainable development. The Rotterdam rules will be adjusted to expand the scope of "maritime plus" "door to door" multimodal transport of goods, countries began to focus and strengthen the multimodal transport of goods, especially with shipping legislation multimodal transport of goods. China's multimodal transport law provisions in < < contract law > >, legislation of maritime law and other transport modes, to adapt to China's "maritime power", "global development strategy The Belt and Road", is obviously lagging behind. Based on this, this paper uses the comparative study and theory with practical research methods, from the international community, the foreign legislative experience, launched a comprehensive on China's legislation of multimodal transport of goods, a systematic study. In addition to the introduction, conclusion, appendix Which is divided into six chapters. The introduction part introduces the research significance, research status, research ideas and research methods; objectively analyzes the necessity and feasibility of legislation of multimodal transport of goods in China, introduces the research achievements at home and abroad. Based on clarifying the research ideas, determine the focus of the dissertation first. The chapter defines the concept of multimodal transport and its development situation. From the author of "transportation", "multimodal", "transport" and other aspects, to determine the multimodal transport of goods is waterway transport, road transport, railway transport and air transport combination in more than two modes of transport. The conversion of existence transport in the transport process or different types of transport intervention as judged by "multimodal" standard; the multimodal transport of goods and transportation "," logistics "," joint venture transport "concept For comparison, the special mode of transport and to highlight this; "sea rail transportation", "land bridge", "air transport", "air transport and other major transport as the main line, introduces the international multimodal transport and multimodal transport development in our country. In the second chapter, China has established a multimodal transport separate legislative model on the basis of theoretical research. To distinguish the broad legislative mode and legislative mode through the narrow, clear purpose, multimodal transport of goods legislation structure, integrity and dynamic. Through the analysis of multimodal transport of goods of the extraterritorial legislation, points out the multimodal transport of goods, the choice of legislation mode by a country's political, economic, cultural, various factors affecting the development of multimodal transport level. Through the introduction of different views of Chinese scholars on the multimodal transport of goods alone legislation and decentralized legislation mode, The separate legislation mode advocated by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee have formulated "People's Republic of China multimodal transport law" (hereinafter referred to as the "multimodal transport law >). The method recommended by the Department of transportation is responsible for the proposal, the legal system with the nature of private law contains goods in multimodal transport. On the basis of claim to improve the existing laws, and gradually promote the relevant administrative legislation and local legislation. The third chapter demonstrates the necessity and feasibility of our multimodal transport of goods. The necessity of separate legislation this single law from five aspects, namely the development of multimodal transport of goods can comply with the separate legislation of multimodal transport, multimodal transport of goods in accordance with the law the trend of international development, can promote China's comprehensive transportation legal system construction, solve the problem of application of law in practice, make up the existing legal loopholes. It points out the necessity of legislation to "legal form", which accords with the operation trend of China's legislative authority, can effectively avoid the conflict of the legal effect, can contain the multimodal transport of goods has private property legal system, and with the guiding ideology and principle of legislation in China. The author also pointed out that "the Rotterdam rules through our multimodal transport policy support," the research results to promote the large department reform "experts and scholars as well as provide feasibility for multimodal transport of goods of separate legislation. The fourth chapter defines the nature of our multimodal transport law. The public / private law theory theory, analysis of the law and the private law field of multimodal transport. The multimodal transport system, cargo multimodal transport system, multimodal transport operator liability system, multimodal transport and cargo The same claim limitation system, has the typical nature of the private law. The system as the main system of < > in the method of multimodal transport of goods, determines the nature of private law. The law also defined the multimodal transport operator access system, multimodal transport operator management and punishment system, multimodal transport infrastructure construction with a public nature by the legislature, standardize administrative administrative regulations or departmental rules and other forms. The fifth chapter established our country multimodal transport law status. The author clearly pointed out that does not involve the "multimodal transport law > the multimodal transport contract provisions. The general principle, the application of the" contract law "cargo multimodal transport law" "" the responsibility system of network, "maritime law > and other transport ways of legislation as a section of the transport legislation, when the conditions are applicable. < contract law >, < > the future trend of amendment of Maritime Law In the relevant provisions of multimodal transport of goods should be consistent with "multimodal transport law >. Of extraterritorial legislation, the application of private international law" principle of autonomy "and" most closely connected "principle. The main legal system the sixth chapter focuses on the research of our country" multimodal transport law >. 1. The multimodal transport contract. The departure or destination one in China multimodal transport contract, whether more than two kinds of multimodal transport modes in waterway transportation are included. Second, clearly stipulates the multimodal transport contract subject and its rights and obligations. The concept introduced < Rotterdam performing party in the rules, defines it as "outside of the multimodal transport operator, directly or indirectly in the multimodal transport operator requirements, supervision or control, or to fulfill commitments in the multimodal transport operator The multimodal transport contract of goods receiving, loading, handling, stowage, transportation, care, custody, or any obligation to unload delivery people. "Clearly the rights and obligations of each subject. Third, perfect the multimodal transport operator liability system. Referring to < > in the" Rotterdam rules, determine the minimum network liability system the multimodal transport operator for loss of goods, liability and limitation of liability for damage or delay in delivery of the application of "revised network liability system, but the law applicable section is limited to the minimum range; the underlying operator responsibility for the presumption of fault liability principle, and the provisions of the exemption of liability and burden of proof; clear period operator is responsible for" take the goods up to the delivery of the goods when only take charge of the goods during the period. The operator's responsibility includes the loss of goods, compensation and delay damage payment made As the economic loss compensation, the definition of delay in delivery of the case; on the basis of the multimodal transport is included to determine the waterway transport, multimodal transport operator liability for loss, damage restrictions apply to different standards. The provisions of the delay in delivery caused economic losses of liability limit and total compensation limit. Fourth, improve the multimodal transport of goods document system. Put forward the multimodal transport operator shall be transferable by the multimodal transport document the original delivery of goods, apply the provisions of delivery of goods without ". Fifth, established a multimodal transport contract of goods claim litigation prescription system. Points out the multimodal transport contract of goods claim limitation does not apply" mesh responsibility system ", referring to China" the general principles of civil law >, unified regulations of different sections of the contract of carriage request litigation and multimodal transport operator to recover time performing party by the chapter. Section of the paper, the author conducted a law design, formed the "People's Republic of China multimodal transport law (draft proposal), as an appendix, for our legislative reference. Look forward to the results of this study can promote China's multimodal transport legislation, perfecting the laws and regulations of comprehensive transportation law of China Commodity system, promote the sustainable development of the goods multimodal transport market, and as soon as possible for the realization of China's" maritime power "," global development strategy to contribute The Belt and Road ".

【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D996.19
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本文编号：1471700