合同文本的结构设计与当事人的权利保护

发布时间：2018-04-22 12:55

本文选题：合同文本 + 合同条款　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：一份结构清晰内容完善的合同是建立正常交易秩序的必备条件。合同不仅用来规范现行的合同双方的交易行为，而且也为双方在未来的履约过程中可能出现的不规范的交易行为所导致的合同责任提供依据。充分理解和掌握合同文本的内在规律，可以在谈判及合同的履行过程中占据优势地位，对于合同当事人是非常重要的。本文主要以《中华人民共和国合同法》为主要的法律背景，结合实践经验，以合同领域中最具典型性的买卖合同为主要研究对象，兼顾其它有名合同的共同特点。本文共分五章，分别从签约主体、背景与目的条款，交易内容条款，合同履行与风险控制条款，违约责任与争议解决条款，其他条款这几部分展开讨论。本文试图通过合同文本的结构设计以及对合同签订、履行行为的管理，实现合同利益的最大化和交易风险的最小化，以此实现合同意思自治的效果和保护当事人利益的目的。第一章为签约主体、背景与目的条款。该部分条款的功能用于建立合同主体和合同条款间基本秩序的规则，主要是回答“谁和谁”进行交易的问题。交易主体应当具备什么资格，主体适格与否关系到合同效力及未来责任的承担。面对一份正规的相对比较复杂的合同文本，合同条款在谈判及履约的过程中，也会发生变化，因此签约背景中的鉴于条款是日后判断纠纷，寻找合同解释的重要依据。这部分内容大多安排在合同的首部，也有一些条款安排在合同的正文及尾部。通过这些内容的安排，可以解决合同当事人的身份及合同本身的基本规则问题。第二章为交易内容条款。在解决了最为基本的“谁和谁”等问题后，合同需要解决的便是合同双方需要“做什么”，即固定交易的具体内容。任何双务有偿合同的核心在于双方互为给付的价格、数量、质量标准等，合同条款的任务当然是对其进行明确、具体的描述。这一部分条款主要解决如下问题：所要交易的内容是什么，如某种产品或服务等；交易内容的质量标准；交易内容的数量、规格及计量单位等；单价及总价，以及价格中包括哪些内容；附属的备品、备件或附加的其他服务等。第三章为合同履行与风险控制条款。这部分内容的功能是明确交易的完成程序，，确保合同目的的实现，解决“怎么做”的问题。是合同文本最核心，最基础的内容。主要内容包括产品或服务的提供时间、提供地点等，以便明确缔约各方所需要的产品或服务采取何种方式实现。进而解决如下问题：产品或服务提供的时间、地点、批次及每批数量；装卸方式、运输方式、储存方式、保险及费用承担方式、交接方式；说明资料、备品备件的提供方式；对数量、质量、规格的验收标准及程序；付款程序、方式及期限，发票的种类及提供方式；售后服务的标准、内容、期限、提供方式及费用承担等。在合同中，上述内容一般涉及实现合同目的所需的各方面内容，因此这类条款往往占据较大的篇幅。第四章为违约责任与争议解决条款。合同结构设置中该部分内容的功能，是为了解决“出了问题怎么办”。既包括如何界定违约行为，如何确定违约损害赔偿的范围，也包括违约情况的处理和非违约的其他非正常情况的处理，其目的是为了处理非正常情况，建立安全的交易秩序。主要内容包括：一是确定违约行为的范围，二是确定特殊情况的范围，三是确定承担责任的范围，四是明确承担责任的方式。第五章为其他条款。本部分是对主文条款的重要补充。包括通知条款、保密条款、不可抗力及意外事件条款、合同附件条款等。“通知”贯彻于合同履行的始终，既是合同法规定的附随义务，也是某些合同权利生效的条件。合同关系是在一定信赖关系的基础上形成的，在缔约过程中缔约方必需相互披露各自的有关信息，这其中肯定存在一些需要保密的内容，从维护自身利益的角度考虑，需要在合同中设定保密条款。不可抗力及意外事件条款主要是明确具体的免责情形都包括哪些，以便在出现争议时可以清楚的界定是否免责。附件条款主要包括一些辅助文件，以明确合同的执行依据，在复杂的合同中，附件条款的约定是非常重要的。不可否认的是，由于笔者的水平所限，本文还存在着很多的缺陷，有待笔者在今后的学习和工作中不断完善。无论怎样，对合同文本结构设计方面的研究在理论和实践中都具有重要意义。希望本文能够给读者一定的启发，使合同当事人能够重视合同，妥善应用合同，并通过合同降低法律风险，实现交易利益的最大化。
[Abstract]:A contract with clear structure and content is an essential condition for establishing a normal trading order . The contract is not only used to regulate the transaction behavior of the current contract parties , but also provides the basis for the contractual liability of the parties in the future performance process . It is important to fully understand and master the internal law of the contract text , which can take advantage of the negotiation and the performance of the contract , which is very important to the parties to the contract .
This paper mainly focuses on the legal background of the Contract Law of the People ' s Republic of China on the basis of the contract law of the People ' s Republic of China as the main research object , and takes into account the common characteristics of other well - known contracts . In this paper , the article attempts to realize the effect of the contract meaning autonomy and protect the interests of the parties through the structural design of the contract text and the contract signing , the contract performance and the risk control clause , the contract performance and the dispute settlement clause and other clauses .
Chapter 1 is the subject of contract , the background and the purpose clause . The function of this part is used to establish the rules of the basic order between the contract subject and the terms of the contract , mainly to answer the question of " who and who " carries on the transaction . In the face of a formal and relatively complex contract text , the contract terms are the important basis for the future judgment of the dispute and find the interpretation of the contract . The part of the contract is mostly arranged in the first part of the contract and some clauses are arranged in the text and the tail of the contract . Through the arrangement of these contents , the identity of the parties to the contract and the basic rules of the contract itself can be solved .
Chapter 2 deals with the contents of the transaction . After solving the most basic problems such as " who and who " , the contract needs to be solved is what the two parties need to " do " , that is , the specific content of fixed transactions . The core of any double - service paid contract is the price , quantity , quality standard and so on , which are mutually beneficial to both parties , and the task of the contract terms is of course clear and detailed description . This part mainly solves the following problems : what is the content of the transaction to be traded , such as some kind of product or service ;
Quality standard of transaction content ;
Quantity , specification and unit of measurement of transaction content ;
unit price and total price , and what is included in the price ;
Accessories , spare parts or additional services etc .
Chapter III provides the contract performance and risk control clauses . The function of this part is to clarify the completion procedure of the transaction , to ensure the fulfillment of the contract purpose and to solve the problem of " how to do " . It is the core and the most basic content of the contract text . The main content includes the time , place , lot and quantity of products or services provided by the contracting parties .
Loading and unloading mode , transportation mode , storage mode , insurance and cost bearing manner and handover mode ;
Description information , provision mode of spare parts ;
Acceptance standards and procedures for quantity , quality and specification ;
Payment procedures , methods and terms , types and modes of payment of invoices ;
The standard , content , time limit , supply mode and cost assumption of after - sale service . In the contract , the above - mentioned contents generally relate to all aspects needed to achieve the purpose of the contract , so the clauses tend to occupy a larger length .
The fourth chapter is to deal with the breach liability and the dispute settlement clause . The function of this part of the contract structure setting is to solve the " What to do with the problem " . It includes how to define the breach behavior , how to determine the scope of the compensation for breach of contract , and other abnormal situations of non - default . The aim is to deal with the abnormal situation and establish a safe trading order .
Chapter V is other clauses . This part is an important supplement to the articles of the main text . It includes the notice clause , the confidentiality clause , the force majeure and the contingency clauses , the appendices of the contract , etc . The contract relationship is formed on the basis of a certain trust relationship , and it is necessary to set the confidentiality clause in the contract .
It is undeniable that , because of the author ' s level , there are many defects in this paper , which are to be perfected in the future study and work .
In any case , the research on the structure design of the contract text is of great significance in theory and practice . It is hoped that this paper will give the reader some inspiration to make the contract parties pay much attention to the contract , apply the contract properly , and reduce the legal risk through the contract , and realize the maximization of the transaction benefit .

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D923.6

【共引文献】