缔约中信息披露义务研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 15:05

本文选题：帕累托最优 + 契约自由　；参考：《西南政法大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：法律赋予缔约当事人平等的地位，但是在法的实践中具体的缔约主体实际的地位并不平等。缔约主体在缔约过程中根据所掌握的信息进行行为的选择，继而这种行为会随着缔约的深入转化成契约条款，并最终决定了权利义务的分配、信息的不平等导致了契约的不平等。这种不平等随着经济社会的发展愈发明显，尤其是在网络交易日益盛行的今天，网络欺诈案件频频曝光，反映了我国信息披露制度存在的问题。当法律意义上公平正义诉求在法的实践中被质疑甚至否定后，怎样通过特定的制度使之回归到正轨，经济学视角往往能提供些根本性的参考。在经济学领域，帕累托最优状态是整个社会追求的最高境界。帕累托最优状态根基于经济人假设和自由竞争，但是实现这一状态需要很多条件，其中经济人的理性往往表现出自利和短视一面，在缔约前总是试图占据着信息优势地位来磋商，甚至利用对方的错误或者通过欺诈来获利；同时整个市场要实现充分自由竞争则必须满足信息的充分共享和要素的自由流动，在实际中信息不对称的广泛存在大大提高了交易成本，最终损害的还是整个市场机体。信息披露在实现帕累托最优，提高市场效率方面找到了其经济视角的合法性。契约自由作为契约法的灵魂，其发展脉络中跟随着信息披露的影子，二者的关系并不是简单的此消彼长，而是当契约自由得到发展时，在契约自由生长的土壤里面信息披露能得到发展，合理的信息披露更有利于契约的真正自由；在契约自由本身发展受到限制的时候，信息披露的发展很难有所突破。在法学领域里面来研究，离不开基础理论里面的契约自由和信息披露、诚信原则和信息披露的关系探析，这两对关系的探讨最终都指向应当合理地披露信息，对缔约当事人来讲才能实现双方权利义务合理分配，并在平等的基础上达到各自的缔约目的；在宏观层面来讲是会有利于实现整个社会的公平正义，让整个社会有序运转。比较法的视角简单介绍域外几个国家的信息披露发展情况，英国、美国对于先合同阶段的信息披露义务是持消极态度的，采取买方自慎规则来对待；德国法根据诚信原则以及缔约过失责任将披露义务引入；法国法对信息披露规定最多，认为沉默较之谎言，具有同样的违法性。法理的分析、经济的视角和域外法的简述，对于认识信息披露和构建披露制度有很大的帮助。在构建起一般规则的前提下，最重要的目的是规避因为信息不平等带来的恶意诈骗和优势方利用契约对方的错误来获利。我国立法中对信息披露的规定不明确，在《合同法》中应该在总则中作出一般性的规定，，在有名合同中作出具体规定，使之更符合社会的发展。
[Abstract]:The law gives equal status to the contracting parties, but the actual status of the concrete contracting subjects is not equal in the practice of law. In the process of contracting, the subject of contracting chooses the behavior according to the information in his possession, and then this kind of behavior will be transformed into a contract clause with the deepening of contracting, and ultimately determines the distribution of rights and obligations. The inequality of information leads to the inequality of contract. With the development of economy and society, this kind of inequality becomes more and more obvious, especially in the network trading day by day, the network fraud cases are exposed frequently, which reflects the existing problems of our country's information disclosure system. When the demand for justice in the sense of law is questioned or even denied in the practice of law, how to return it to the right through a specific system, the economic perspective can often provide some fundamental reference. In the field of economics, Pareto optimal state is the highest state of the whole society. Pareto's optimal state is based on the hypothesis of economic man and free competition, but many conditions are needed to realize this state, in which the rationality of economic man is often manifested by profit and shortsightedness. Prior to the conclusion of the treaty, attempts were always made to negotiate in the position of information advantage, or even to take advantage of each other's mistakes or to profit from fraud; at the same time, the full sharing of information and the free flow of elements must be satisfied in order to achieve full free competition in the market as a whole. In practice, the widespread existence of asymmetric information greatly increases transaction costs, and ultimately damages the whole market body. Information disclosure has found the legitimacy of its economic perspective in realizing Pareto optimal and improving market efficiency. As the soul of contract law, freedom of contract follows the shadow of information disclosure in its development. In the soil where contract freedom grows, information disclosure can be developed, reasonable information disclosure is more conducive to the real freedom of contract; when the development of freedom of contract itself is restricted, the development of information disclosure is difficult to break through. The research in the field of law cannot be separated from the relationship between the freedom of contract and information disclosure, the principle of good faith and the disclosure of information in the basic theory. The discussion of these two relations ultimately points to the need to disclose information reasonably. Only for the contracting parties to realize the reasonable distribution of rights and obligations, and on the basis of equality to achieve their objectives; in the macro level will be conducive to the realization of the whole society fair and just, let the whole society run in an orderly manner. The perspective of comparative law briefly introduces the development of information disclosure in several foreign countries. The United Kingdom and the United States have a negative attitude towards the obligation of information disclosure in the first stage of the contract, and take the buyer's discretion rule to treat it. German law introduces the obligation of disclosure according to the principle of good faith and the liability for fault in contracting; French law provides the most information disclosure and holds that silence is the same illegality as lies. The analysis of legal theory, the angle of view of economy and the brief introduction of extraterritorial law are of great help to the understanding of information disclosure and the construction of disclosure system. Under the premise of constructing general rules, the most important purpose is to avoid malicious fraud caused by information inequality and advantage parties to use the error of the other party to profit. The provisions of information disclosure in our country's legislation are not clear. In contract Law, we should make general provisions in general and specific provisions in famous contracts so as to make them more in line with the development of society.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.6

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