违约解除合同的损害赔偿范围研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 11:26

本文选题：合同解除 + 溯及力　；参考：《西南财经大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为合同法领域的一项重要制度,合同解除制度一直是理论界和实务界的热点话题,但大多将目光集中在合同解除原因的研究上,对合同解除的损害赔偿问题关注较少。在司法实践中,合同解除的损害赔偿一直是颇具争议的问题。虽然我国民法通则和合同法对如何处理合同解除与损害赔偿的关系做出了规定,但对合同解除损害赔偿的性质和范围却没有规定,最高法院也没有相关司法解释予以明确,以致理论界对此问题众说纷纭,司法部门在处理具体案件时也往往莫衷一是,从而导致同案不同判现象的发生,在一定程度上损害了司法权威。由于合同解除损害赔偿直接关系到当事人的利益能否得到充分保护、合同解除制度的规范功能是否有效发挥,因此,研究合同解除损害赔偿问题具有重要的理论和现实意义。按照合同法的规定,合同解除分为约定解除和法定解除两类情况,由于在约定解除时,合同双方一般会就赔偿问题进行约定,因此争议主要集中法定解除,而法定解除又包括因不可抗力的解除和因违约的解除两种情形,不可抗力解除合同,因相对方并不存在过错,一般也不存在赔偿问题,所以在因合同一方违约解除合同时,损害赔偿问题最为突出。因此本文以因违约导致的合同法定解除为研究对象。目前规范合同解除后损害赔偿范围的主要有两条：我国《合同法》第97条和最高人民法院做出的《关于当前形势下审理民商合同纠纷案件若干问题的指导意见》(以下简称《意见》)其中第8条。我国《合同法》第97规定：“合同解除后,尚未履行的,终止履行；已经履行的,根据履行情况和合同性质,当事人可以要求恢复原状、采取补救措施,并有权要求赔偿损失。”该条没有明确当事人是否可以要求可得利益的赔偿。《意见》的第8条也只表明只对违约金条款不发生溯及力,是否对其他情形,如违约的损害赔偿请求权、违约定金等同样适用,尚有疑问。合同法第97条的损失是否可包括可得利益?要分析合同解除后的损害范围得首先分析解除的溯及力(案例为证),所以笔者该篇文章主要试着阐述我国合同法第97条的解除是否有溯及力,这是本文的问题点。本文除去导论和结语一共有三个部分,第一部分是以案例的形式通过分析与总结,把问题呈现出来,分析当前法院在审理违约解除合同这类案件时的观点；第二部分首先分析影响赔偿范围的重要因素为合同解除的溯及力,然后在此基础上分析溯及力的相关学说、各国的立法比较以及影响溯及力的因素,最后对比分析我国合同解除与其它国家的“解除”的区别与联系,从而得出我国合同解除后损害赔偿的范围；第三部分主要是分析损害赔偿范围的规则。下面将具体阐述。第一部分主要是分析笔者从北大法宝上收集的60个案例,分析这60个案例中,赔偿信赖利益和赔偿可得利益的案例分别是多少,然后再分析原因。通过分析,笔者发现,在60个案例中,仅有5个案例赔偿的是可得利益,仅占了1/12。笔者又继续对赔偿信赖利益的55个案例进行赔偿理由分析,发现以下两个问题：1.在这55个案例中,大多数法官没有说明为什么不赔偿可得利益；2.对溯及力的认识不同：在这55个赔偿信赖利益的案例中,有10个法院认为合同解除有溯及力,自解除行为发生时起,当事人之间的合同关系即消灭,当事人应回到如合同没有订立,与此同时,有3个法院认为合同解除没有溯及力,解除行为发生以前已经履行的,继续有效,解除只是使合同向将来消灭。所以在违约解除合同的损害范围中,解除的溯及力是重难点,笔者着重在第二部分探讨。第二部分包括三节。第一节主要分析为什么溯及力是影响合同解除损害赔偿范围的重要因素、溯及力的概念与主要学说和不同学说所对应的损害赔偿范围。第二节对比大陆法系与英美法系各主要国家对溯及力的立法规定,在采用二元制的国家,区分合同的解除与终止并规定不同的溯及力,在采用一元制的国家,把合同解除分为有溯及力和没有溯及力两种,尽管从表面上看各国家的规定似乎不一样,但其实他们都有一个共同点：区分合同的性质,一时性的合同解除有溯及力而继续性合同解除(终止)没有溯及力。第二节最后的两个小节主要分析“解除”与“终止”和“一时性合同”与“继续性合同”这两对概念,也是大陆法系与英美法系在损害赔偿范围方面殊途同归的解释。第三节有四个小节,前面两个小节主要分析我国立法、司法以及理论界对解除的溯及力和合同法第97条规定的损害赔偿的认识,第三小节通过对比我国合同法中“解除”的适用范围与其它国家的合同“解除”适用范围,笔者得出我国合同法中的“解除”既包括对一时性合同的解除也包括继续性合同的解除。所以,我国合同法中“解除”的溯及力也应该区分：有溯及力的一时性合同解除和无溯及力的继续性合同解除。第三部分从合同的利益构造、损害的特点以及赔偿的限制三个方面分析合同解除后损害赔偿范围的规则。解除后的损害赔偿宗旨：让非违约方得到完全赔偿的同时也要对赔偿进行限制。
[Abstract]:As an important system in the field of contract law, the system of rescission of contract has always been a hot topic in the theoretical and practical circles, but most of them focus on the study of the reasons for the termination of the contract and pay less attention to the compensation for the damage of the contract. The general principles of civil law and the law of contract have made provisions on how to deal with the relationship between contract rescission and damages, but there is no provision for the nature and scope of the compensation for damages, and the Supreme Court has not been clear about the relevant judicial interpretations, so that the theorists have different opinions on this problem, and the judicial department also tends to deal with specific cases. As a result, the occurrence of different judgments in the same case, to a certain extent, has damaged the judicial authority to a certain extent. Because the compensation for the termination of the contract is directly related to the full protection of the interests of the parties, and whether the standard function of the contract dissolution system is effective, it is important to study the problem of compensation for the rescission of the contract. In accordance with the provisions of the contract law, the termination of the contract is divided into two kinds of circumstances: the termination of the contract and the legal termination of the contract. As the contract is relieved, the two parties generally agree on the issue of compensation, so the dispute mainly focuses on the legal termination, and the legal rescission includes two cases of the rescission of force majeure and the dissolution of breach of contract. The contract can be relieved by force of resistance, because the opposite party does not have fault and generally does not have the problem of compensation. Therefore, the problem of damages is most prominent when the contract is terminated by one party of the contract. Therefore, this article takes the legal termination of contract due to breach of contract as the object of study.
At present, there are two main articles of compensation for damages after the termination of the contract: the ninety-seventh articles of the contract law of China and the guiding opinions of the Supreme People's Court on several problems of the cases of civil and commercial contract disputes under the current situation (hereinafter referred to as < opinion >) Eighth.
China's "Contract Law > ninety-seventh" stipulates that, "after the termination of the contract, the performance of the contract has not been fulfilled and the performance of the contract is terminated; in accordance with the performance and the nature of the contract, the parties may request the restoration of the original form, take remedial measures, and have the right to claim damages." this article does not specify whether the parties can claim compensation for the benefits that may be obtained.
The eighth article of < opinion > also only indicates that it does not take place only to the breach gold clause. It is doubtful whether the other cases, such as the claim for damages for breach of contract, the defaulting deposit and so on, are equally applicable.
Whether the loss of the ninety-seventh article of the contract law can include the available interests? To analyze the scope of the damage after the termination of the contract, we should first analyze the retroactivity of the dissolution (case as evidence), so the author of this article tries to explain whether the release of the ninety-seventh articles of the contract law of our country has retroactive force, which is the point of this article.
This article has three parts except the introduction and conclusion. The first part is the analysis and summary of the case in the form of the case. The first part is to present the problems and analyze the views of the court in the case of breach of contract. In the second part, the first analysis of the important factors affecting the scope of compensation is the retroactivity of the rescission of the contract, and then in this basis On the basis of the analysis of the related theories of retroactivity, the legislative comparison of various countries and the factors affecting the retroactivity, the difference and connection between the rescission of contract and the "relieving" of other countries are compared and analyzed, and the scope of compensation for damages after the termination of the contract is obtained; the third part is mainly the analysis of the rules of the scope of damages. Body exposition.
The first part is to analyze the 60 cases collected from the North French treasure, and analyze the cases of the 60 cases, and then analyze the reasons. Through the analysis, the author finds that in the 60 cases, only 5 cases are compensation benefits, only the author of 1/12. continues to be right. 55 cases of compensation for the trust interest are analyzed for the reasons for compensation, and the following two questions are found: 1. in these 55 cases, the majority of the judges did not explain why the benefit was not reparable; 2. the difference in the understanding of the retroactivity was different: in the 55 cases of the trust interests of compensation, 10 courts considered the rescission of the contract to be retroactive and self terminated. In the event of the occurrence of the contract, the contractual relationship between the parties shall be eliminated, and the parties should return to the contract as if the contract has not been concluded. At the same time, there are 3 courts that believe that the rescission of the contract has not been retroactive, and that the termination of the act has been performed before, and that the termination of the contract is only to eliminate the contract in the future. Therefore, in the scope of the damage to the contract, the dissolution of the contract is lifted. The retroactivity is a heavy and difficult point. The author focuses on the second part.
The second part includes three sections. The first section mainly analyzes why retroactivity is an important factor affecting the scope of compensation for contract relief, the concept of retroactivity and the main theory and the scope of compensation for damage. The second section compares the legislative provisions of the mainland legal system and the main countries of the Anglo American legal system and the use of two yuan. The state of the system makes a distinction between the termination and termination of a contract and stipulates a different retroactivity. In the country adopting the one dollar system, the termination of the contract is divided into two kinds of retroactivity and no retroactivity. Although the stipulates of each country seem different on the surface, they all have a common point: to distinguish the nature of the contract and to dissolve the temporary contract. The last two sections of the second section mainly analyze the two concepts of "relieving" and "terminating" and "temporary contract" and "continuing contract". It is also an interpretation of the same way in the area of the damage compensation of the continental law system and the common law system. The third section has four sections. The first two sections mainly analyze our country's legislation, the judicial and the theoretical circles on the recognition of the retroactivity of the rescission and the ninety-seventh provisions of the contract law, the third section, by comparing the scope of the application of "relieving" in the contract law of our country and the scope of the "rescission" of the contract in other countries, concludes that the "rescission" of China's contract law is "relieved". It includes both the dissolution of the temporary contract and the termination of the continuing contract. Therefore, the retroactivity of the "rescission" in the contract law of our country should also be distinguished: the termination of the temporary contract with retroactive force and the continuation of the continuation of the contract without retroactivity.
The third part analyzes the rules of the scope of damages after the termination of the contract from three aspects of the structure of the interests of the contract, the characteristics of the damage and the limitation of the compensation. The purpose of the compensation for the damages after the termination is to allow the non defaulted party to get complete compensation and to limit the compensation.

【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.6

【参考文献】