第三人利益合同制度的法理问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 22:12

本文选题：第三人利益合同制度 + 合同相对性原则　；参考：《吉林大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：任何一种概念的诞生都与一定的社会背景相关联，任何一种概念的演绎都有相应的历史轨迹作基垫。无论是从诞生依托的社会背景，还是从演绎仰仗的历史轨迹来说，“合同”与“交易”这两个概念，都有着千丝万缕的联系。处于一定社会关系中的人，以合同形式进行各式各样的交易，作为规范合同交易关系的合同法，在促进私人交易行为、维护交易安全和秩序方面发挥着重要作用。合同法作为私法体系的重要组成部分，其基本理论与私法基本理论之间是一种相互促进的关系。合同相对性原则作为合同法的基石性理论，是建立在私法中意思自治和契约自由理论之上的，同时，它又通过对私人交易关系的调整，巩固了意思自治和契约自由理论。由此我们可以说，“合同相对性”作为一种概念，它的诞生是建立在交易行为要求交易主体自由自主的背景之上，而它的演变，又是依托于经济的发展、交易行为的变迁。由古至今，为了满足社会生活需要，人们不断进行私人交易行为。早期的交易行为，形式单一、内容简单，涉及到的主体并不复杂。作为规范交易行为的合同法，也本着维护交易秩序和安全的需要，恪守“合同相对性原则”，意指合同是缔约主体之间的相互关系，第三人不得主张合同权利，缔约人也不得为第三人设定义务；即便缔约人为第三人设定了权利，当缔约人违约致使第三人的权利遭到侵犯时，第三人也不能对违约方主张违约责任。这种忽视第三人利益的做法为合同相对性原则的演变埋下了伏笔，当交易越来越多的涉及到第三人时，保护第三人的合法权益就成了合同法欲追求的新的正义。第三人利益合同也由此诞生。第三人利益合同具有自己独立的价值和利益诉求——拿法社会学的观点来看，它的诞生体现了法对社会现实的回应；它对第三人利益的保护彰显了合同法促进交易行为、降低交易成本、提高交易效率的追求。也因为如此，无论大陆法系还是英美法系的国家，都将第三人利益合同作为合同相对性原则的例外加以规定。在我国，第三人利益合同也分散的见于民法的单行法——如《保险法》、《海商法》、《民用航空法》之中。但是，遗憾的是我国规范合同行为的基本法律——《合同法》中，并没有对第三人利益合同作出统一规定，这导致在出现纠纷时，司法难以用系统化统一化的方式加以解决。故而，，在统一《合同法》中，对第三人利益合同作出具体规定是很有必要的。围绕着上述内容，本文将从五个方面探讨“第三人利益合同”的相关问题。第一部分通过两则案例的对比提出问题，为什么类似的情况在我国和美国得到不同的处理结果，进而引出本文议论的中心——第三人利益合同；第二部分谈第三人利益合同制度的历史演进，因为该制度系脱胎于合同的相对性原则，而合同需要恪守相对性的原则又是阻碍构建第三人利益合同制度的最大阻力，故而笔者选择从合同相对性原则入手，介绍第三人利益合同制度的历史演进问题；第三部分谈第三人利益合同制度的缘起，鉴于该制度是作为合同相对性原则的突破而存在，笔者选择以合同相对性原则的突破为视角，来介绍该制度的缘起；第四部分谈第三人利益合同制度的价值和利益分析，考虑到合同法作为财产法的一部分，受社会和经济的影响最大，笔者借助法社会学和法经济学的分析方法，探讨该制度的价值和利益问题；第五部分是对我国现行《合同法》的反思，笔者提出建议，在我国《合同法》中对第三人利益合同作出统一的系统的规定，并对如何具体规定，提供粗浅的思量。
[Abstract]:The birth of any kind of concept is associated with a certain social background, and the deduction of any kind of concept has a corresponding historical track as the basis. No matter from the social background of the birth support, or from the historical track of deductive dependence, there are countless connections between the two concepts of "contract" and "transaction". In social relations, people in the form of contract conduct a variety of transactions. As a contract law that standardizing the transaction relations of the contract, it plays an important role in promoting private transaction and maintaining the security and order of the transaction. As an important part of the private law system, the contract law is a kind of mutual relationship between the basic theory and the basic private law theory. As the cornerstone theory of contract law, the principle of contract relativity is based on the theory of autonomy and freedom of contract in private law. At the same time, it consolidates the theory of autonomy and freedom of contract through the adjustment of the relationship between private transactions. Thus, we can say that "contract relativity" is a concept and its birth is a concept. Life is based on the background of transaction behavior requiring the free autonomy of the transaction subject, and its evolution is based on the economic development and the change of transaction behavior. From ancient times to the present, in order to meet the needs of social life, people continue to conduct private transactions. Early trading behavior is simple, the content is simple, and the subject involved is not complex. Miscellaneous. The contract law, as a norm Trading Act, also scrupulously adheres to the "principle of relativity of contract", which means that the contract is the relationship between the parties of a Contracting Party, that the third party shall not claim the right to contract, and the contracting party shall not define the third party, even if the contracting party has set up the right to the third party. When the rights of the third people are violated by some people, third people can not claim the liability for breach of contract. The practice of neglecting the interests of the third people has laid an eye on the evolution of the principle of contract relativity. When more and more transactions involve third people, the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the third people becomes the new pursuit of the contract law. The third party benefit contract is also born. The third party interest contract has its own independent value and interest demand - the birth of the law sociology reflects the response of the law to the social reality; the protection of the interests of the third party highlights the contract law to promote the exchange of exchange, reduce the transaction cost and improve the transaction efficiency. Because of this, both civil law and Anglo American countries make the third party interest contract as an exception to the principle of contract relativity. In our country, the third party interest contracts are also scattered in the unilateral law of civil law, such as the insurance law, the maritime law, and the civil aviation law. However, it is regrettable that China is in China. The basic law of standardizing the behavior of the contract, in the contract law, does not make a unified provision for the third party's interests contract, which leads to the difficulty of systematizing and unifying the judiciary in the case of disputes. Therefore, it is necessary to make specific provisions on the third party's interest contract in the unified < contract law >.
Around the above content, this article will discuss the related issues of "third party interest contract" from five aspects.
The first part, through the comparison of the two cases, puts forward the question, why the similar cases get different results in our country and the United States, and then lead to the center of this article - the third party interest contract; the second part talks about the historical evolution of the third party's interest contract system, because the system is based on the relativity principle of the contract, The principle that the contract needs to abide by the relativity is the biggest resistance to the construction of the contract system of the third party. Therefore, the author selects from the principle of the relativity of the contract, introduces the historical evolution of the third party's interest contract system, and the third part talks about the benefit contract system of the third people, in view of the system is the relative original of the contract. The author chooses the breakthrough of the principle of contract relativity as the angle of view to introduce the origin of the system; the fourth part discusses the value and benefit analysis of the third party's interest contract system, considering that the contract law is part of the property law, which is most influenced by the society and the economy, and the author uses the social and legal economics of law. This paper analyzes the value and interests of the system; the fifth part is the reflection on the current "contract law" in China, and the author puts forward suggestions to make a unified and systematic regulation on the contract of the third party in the contract law of China, and to provide a superficial consideration for how to specify the specific regulations.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.6

【参考文献】