合同未经行政审批的效力

发布时间：2018-05-26 20:58

本文选题：行政审批 + 合同未生效　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国法律规定有些合同必须经过行政机关审批方可生效的目的不仅仅是为了管制权利的变动,更是为了在某些特定领域通过国家力量介入私法之中,防止合同自由的极端滥用,更好地维护国家和社会公共的利益,保证国家经济能够平稳有序的发展。行政机关的审批属于合同的特殊生效要件,而非坚持“合同有效说”的学者们主张的合同履行要件。合同当事方负有的向行政机关申请办理相关审批登记手续的义务就是报批义务,其属于法定义务的理论能够更好的解释在合同当事方没有在合同内容中约定报批义务时,报批义务从何而来的问题。并且按照《合同法解释(二)》第八条的相关规定,在报批义务人不履行报批义务时,人民法院有权依照案件的实际情况或者相对人所提出的申请,判决由相对人履行办理审批手续的程序。但是在现实案例中,存在着很多报批义务人拖延履行义务,而相对人在报批义务人不配合的情况下又难以独自办理审批手续的情况,此时人民法院应该准许解除合同以保护合同相对人的合法权益不受侵害。笔者对需经行政机关审批的合同的效力状态持“合同未生效说”,笔者对于“合同未生效说”的理解是法律、行政法规规定需要经过行政机关审批、登记的合同在没有经过行政机关审批、登记之前,如果满足合同成立的一般要件,则合同的效力状态属于成立但未生效。其后,如果行政机关给予审批或者登记,则合同效力当然地转为有效状态;如果行政机关不予审批或者登记则合同效力应转为确定的未生效。“合同未生效说”相比其他效力学说具有更为明确的法律依据,在法律适用上更为清晰准确,也更符合我国合同法的发展趋势。虽然笔者认为没有完成行政机关的审批程序的合同属于法律规定的未生效合同,但是报批义务因其特殊性应该独立于合同本身效力之外,依然属于有效的合同义务,违反批准生效合同的报批义务应承担违约责任,这种观点不仅能够合理解释《合同法解释(二)》第八条中规定的“法院可以在义务人不履行报批义务的情况下,有权依照案件的实际情况或者相对人所提出的申请,判决由相对人履行办理审批手续的程序”这种实际上属于实际履行的责任方式,也能够扩大合同当事方违反报批义务的所应承担的赔偿范围,更有效地保护守约方的合法利益不受侵害。笔者通过对数据库中检索到的案例进行数据统计,从实际审判的角度对有关法定未生效合同中存在的一系列理论争议进行进一步的论证分析。首先通过对法院裁判观点的分类整理,得出了有关审判理由、具体法律依据等方面的结论;其次通过判决书中法院对于未经行政机关审批的合同的责任形态的不同判定,从实践角度加深论证理论上关于责任形态的争议;最后通过对法院认定合同无效和合同未生效各自的法律依据进行比较分析,得出了在实际审判中合同无效和合同未生效之间出现的混淆认定,从而进一步巩固了“合同未生效”概念具备巨大的存在价值的结论。
[Abstract]:China's law stipulates that some contracts must be taken into effect by the administrative authorities not only to control the changes in the rights, but also to prevent the extreme abuse of the freedom of the contract through the intervention of the state power in some specific fields, to better safeguard the interests of the state and the society and to ensure that the state's economy can be flat. The examination and approval of the administrative organs belongs to the special requirements of the contract, but not the requirements for the performance of the contract, which is advocated by the scholars of the "validity of the contract". The obligation to apply for the relevant examination and approval procedures to the administrative organs is the obligation to apply for approval, and the theory of the legal obligation can be better solved. In accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract law interpretation (two) and the eighth article, the people's court has the right to decide on the relative conditions of the case or the application submitted by the relative, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract law interpretation (two), and the relevant provisions of the eighth article. A person performs a procedure for examining and approving procedures. However, in a real case, there are many cases of the obligor's delay in performing their obligations, while the relative person is difficult to deal with the examination and approval procedures alone in cases where the obligor does not cooperate, and the people's court shall permit the termination of the contract to protect the lawful rights and interests of the relative persons of the contract. The author holds that the contract is not effective in terms of the validity of the contract which is approved by the administrative organ. The author's understanding of the "contract does not take effect" is the law. The administrative regulations stipulate that the administrative authorities need to pass the approval of the administrative organ. The contract of registration is not approved by the administrative organ, and before the registration is registered, the contract will meet the general requirements of the contract. The same state of effect belongs to the establishment but does not take effect. Then, if the administrative organ gives approval or registration, the validity of the contract is of course turned into an effective state; if the administrative organ does not approve or register the contract, the validity of the contract shall be transferred to the determination. "The contract does not enter into force" has a clearer legal basis than the other effect doctrine. It is more clear and accurate in the application of the law, which is more in line with the development trend of the contract law of China. Although the author thinks that the contract which has not completed the procedure of examination and approval of the administrative organs belongs to the non effective contract stipulated by the law, but the obligation of approval is still an effective contract obligation because its particularity should be independent of the validity of the contract itself. The obligation of approval for the approval of an anti ratification effective contract shall bear the liability for breach of contract. This view can not only reasonably explain the "contract law interpretation (two) > eighth", "the court may, in the case of the obligor's non performance of the obligation of approval, have the right to comply with the actual situation of the case or the application proposed by the relative of the relative person, and the judgment shall be performed by the relative person for trial. The procedure of batch procedures, which is actually a way of fulfilling the actual performance, can also expand the scope of the compensation for the breach of the obligation of the contract parties, and more effectively protect the legitimate interests of the abiding party. The author makes statistics on the cases retrieved in the database, and from the Perspective of the actual trial. Further argumentation and analysis of a series of theoretical disputes that exist in the non effective contract. First, through the classification and sorting of the opinions of the court's referees, the conclusions about the reasons for the trial and the specific legal basis are drawn. Secondly, the different judgments of the contract in the judgment of the court are different. From the practical point of view, it will deepen the argument of the theory of liability form. Finally, through the comparison and analysis of the legal basis of the invalidation of the contract and the failure of the contract, the confusion between the invalidity of the contract and the non effective contract in the actual trial has been obtained, thus further consolidating the "contract is not effective". A conclusion with great value for existence.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.6

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