汽车“三包”法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-08-23 14:17

【摘要】：我国个人汽车消费者数量逐年大幅增长，其合法权益却并未受到应有的保护。汽车生产者、销售者往往以无相关法律规定为由，拒绝承担修理、更换、退货的义务。作为对汽车消费者进行专门保护的立法，《家用汽车产品修理、更换、退货责任规定》（以下简称《规定》）几易其稿，终获通过。本文立基于消费者与生产者、销售者之间信息不对称的事实，运用实证分析和规范分析的方法，对包括《规定》在内的所有汽车“三包”法律进行通盘考察，对其中涉及的法律概念进行阐释，对汽车“三包”制度中的权利条款进行剖析，对汽车“三包”权利的行使进行说明。具体而言，本文结构以及观点主要如下：汽车“三包”制度的法律渊源主要有：《中华人民共和国民法通则》、《中华人民共和国产品质量法》、《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》、《中华人民共和国合同法》、《规定》。其中，《规定》是对汽车消费者权益保护的专门法律，是汽车“三包”法律制度的主体。将“三包”在民法制度体系中定位，修理、更换的权利性质为履行请求权，修理为追完给付请求权。销售者对汽车进行修理需要花费一定的时间，在该期间内消费者无法使用汽车，，乘坐其他交通工具将会产生额外的费用。本文对《规定》第18条中的“5日”、“备用车”、“合理费用”的概念进行了讨论。更换是代物请求权，文中介绍了其概念和理论发展。后文又阐述了不适用修理、更换的情形及其合理性。关于退货权的性质，通说认为退货是债权人拒绝受领权的行使。本文认为，退货不是拒绝受领权的行使，而是债权人合同解除权的行使。文中还探讨了退货权的权利基础及购买汽车产生的税费负担问题。意欲正确适用“三包”权利条款，必须对“三包”制度的适用范围进行界定。本文分别阐释了汽车、消费者、瑕疵的概念的内涵与外延。关于“汽车”的外延，本文讨论了：用于租赁等商业用途的汽车、公务用车、经过改装的汽车、在我国境内购买的外国品牌汽车、二手汽车。关于消费者的外延，本文讨论了：汽车产品买卖合同当事人以外的其他使用者、因汽车产品瑕疵受到损害的其他人是否为“消费者”的概念所涵摄。瑕疵的种类有：制造上的瑕疵、设计上的瑕疵、需要跟踪观察的瑕疵。瑕疵的认定标准有：主观说、客观说、折中说三种见解，本文赞同折中说。汽车存在瑕疵的情形包括：汽车具有灭失或者降低价值的可能、汽车具有灭失或者减少通常效用的可能、汽车不具有合同中约定的品质、汽车存在不合理的危险。汽车消费者行使“三包”权利时，要明确该“三包”法律关系中的权利主体、义务主体。行使汽车“三包”权利的主体应依欲行使权利的内容不同而有所区别；履行汽车“三包”义务的主体不仅局限于销售者，还应包括生产者。消费者行使汽车“三包”权利的证据包括：“三包”凭证、购车发票、汽车维修单据，“三包”凭证是生产者与消费者、销售者与消费者订立的合同，购车发票具有证明汽车买卖价金和“三包”义务始期的功能；汽车维修单据应被赋予证明汽车存在瑕疵的效力。汽车“三包”权利行使时应受到一定的限制，包括期限和行驶距离的限制、诚信原则的限制、合同条款的限制。
[Abstract]:The number of individual automobile consumers in China is increasing year by year, but their legitimate rights and interests are not properly protected. The automobile producers and sellers often refuse to undertake the obligation of repairing, replacing and returning goods without relevant legal provisions. Based on the fact of information asymmetry between consumers, producers and sellers, this paper makes an overall investigation of all the laws concerning the "three-package" of automobiles, including the "provisions". It also explains the legal concepts involved in them and the automobile industry. This paper analyzes the rights clauses in the "three-package" system of automobiles and explains the exercise of the "three-package" rights of automobiles.
The legal origins of the "three guarantees" system of automobiles include: General Principles of Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, Product Quality Law of the People's Republic of China, Consumer Rights Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, and Regulations. The nature of the "three guarantees" in the civil law system is to fulfill the right of claim and repair the right of claim. It takes a certain amount of time for the seller to repair the car. During this period, consumers can not use the car, and other means of transport will generate additional charges. In this paper, the concepts of "5 days", "spare car" and "reasonable cost" in Article 18 of the Regulations are discussed. Replacement is the right of subrogation, and its concepts and theoretical development are introduced. This paper argues that the return of goods is not the refusal to exercise the right of acceptance, but the exercise of the creditor's right to rescind the contract.
In order to properly apply the "three-package" clause, we must define the scope of application of the "three-package" system. This paper explains the connotation and extension of the concept of automobile, consumer and defect respectively. Foreign brand automobiles purchased in China, used automobiles. Concerning the extension of consumers, this paper discusses whether other users, other than the parties to the contract for the sale of automobile products, who have been damaged by the defect of automobile products, are included in the concept of "consumers". Defects should be tracked and observed. The criteria for determining defects are: subjective, objective and compromised views. This paper agrees with the compromise. Defects in automobiles include: the possibility of loss or reduction of value, the possibility of loss or reduction of general utility, the absence of quality as agreed in the contract, and the existence of automobiles. At unreasonable risk.
When automobile consumers exercise the rights of "three guarantees", they should make clear the subject of rights and obligations in the legal relationship of "three guarantees". Evidence for exercising the "three-pack" right of automobiles includes: the "three-pack" certificate, vehicle purchase invoice, vehicle maintenance document, the "three-pack" certificate is a contract concluded between the producer and the consumer, the seller and the consumer, and the vehicle purchase invoice has the function of proving the sale price of automobiles and the beginning of the "three-pack" obligation; the vehicle maintenance document should be given to prove the automobiles. Vehicle has the effect of defect. When exercising automobile's "three guarantees" right, it should be restricted to some extent, including the limitation of time limit and driving distance, the limitation of the principle of good faith, and the limitation of contract terms.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923;D922.294

【参考文献】