违约金的司法调整制度研究

发布时间：2018-09-14 07:18

【摘要】：违约金的的司法调整系统的设计目的是调整双方在合同关系中的利益，本质上来讲是要建立一个公平的市场交易环境，恪守公平公正的价值观和诚信原则。因此违约金的司法调整体系是在微观层面上对合同当事人双方影响极大的制度。因此必须在立法上设计清晰，但是我国的合同法对此在理论和应用上却都未能做到足够清楚和完整。因此，笔者以“违约金的司法调整制度研究”为标题，希望能有对完善该制度有所助益。第一部分阐述了违约金司法调整制度的基本理论。首先，介绍了什么是违约金。其次，阐释了违约金司法调整制度的明确含义。再次，梳理违约金司法调整制度的法律依据，即为什么当事人可以自由约定违约金并应当对其予以调整，指出这是通过合同维护正义的需要，通过限制契约自由来匡扶正义，计算及衡量当事人利益以及违约金的本身属性和功能的要求。最后，通过经济分析的方法，进一步体现违约金在调整市场经济中的重要作用。同时也强调，为了避免违约金的司法调整超过必要限度，有必要对自由的意志的当事人的意思自治予以维护，因而违约金的司法调整必须在有限的范围内进行，，这主要是通过设定适用的原则和具体标准来实现的。第二部分探讨违约金司法调整制度的国外立法规定。介绍了大陆法系国家的违约金司法调整的具体规定（包括法国、德国、日本等）以及英美法系国家（包括英国和美国）以及其他国家或地区对该制度的规定，从而对比分析两者的立法的区别，指出这两个法律体系都认可对违约金进行司法调整的规定，但调整的方法有所区别。第三部分介绍了我国的违约金司法调整系统。主要包括该制度的沿革，法律适用条件和司法实践问题。侧重于阐释违约金司法调整的适用条件和在实践中对违约金数额进行调整的问题。第四部分是本文的重点，在前文分析的基础上指出了我国缺乏对违约金制度的定性，现有违约金立法体系并未对违约金性质进行划分，调整违约金的标准也并不明确以及缺乏违约金调整的程序要求。因此应建立健全合理的违约金司法调整系统，将违约金区分为惩罚性违约金和赔偿性违约金并分别加以调整，精确规定违约金调整的标准，并建议完善违约金的司法调整的程序性规定。
[Abstract]:The purpose of the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages is to adjust the interests of both parties in the contractual relationship. In essence, it is necessary to establish a fair market trading environment and abide by the values of fairness and justice and the principle of good faith. Therefore, the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages is a system which has great influence on both parties to the contract on the micro level. Therefore, it is necessary to design clearly in legislation, but the contract law of our country fails to be clear and complete enough in theory and application. Therefore, under the title of "study on the Judicial Adjustment system of liquidated damages", the author hopes to be helpful to the perfection of the system. The first part expounds the basic theory of judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages. First of all, introduced what is the liquidated damages. Secondly, it explains the clear meaning of the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages. Thirdly, combing the legal basis of the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages, that is, why the parties can freely agree on the liquidated damages and should adjust them, pointing out that this is the need to maintain justice through contracts, and to help justice by restricting the freedom of contracts. To calculate and measure the interests of the parties and the nature and function of the liquidated damages. Finally, through the method of economic analysis, it further reflects the important role of liquidated damages in the adjustment of market economy. At the same time, it was stressed that in order to avoid judicial adjustments of liquidated damages exceeding the necessary limits, it was necessary to safeguard the autonomy of the parties to the free will, and therefore the judicial adjustment of the liquidated damages must be carried out within a limited scope, This is mainly through the setting of applicable principles and specific standards to achieve. The second part discusses the foreign legislative provisions of the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages. This paper introduces the specific provisions of judicial adjustment of liquidated damages in civil law countries (including France, Germany, Japan, etc.), the provisions of common law countries (including the United Kingdom and the United States) and other countries or regions on this system. By comparing and analyzing the difference of legislation, the author points out that the two legal systems agree to the regulation of judicial adjustment of penalty for breach of contract, but the methods of adjustment are different. The third part introduces the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages in China. Mainly including the evolution of the system, legal application conditions and judicial practice. Emphasis is placed on explaining the applicable conditions of judicial adjustment of liquidated damages and the adjustment of the amount of liquidated damages in practice. The fourth part is the focus of this paper, on the basis of the previous analysis, it points out that our country lacks the qualitative analysis of the system of liquidated damages, and the existing legislative system of liquidated damages does not divide the nature of liquidated damages. The standard for adjusting liquidated damages is also unclear and the procedural requirements for adjusting liquidated damages are not clear. Therefore, we should establish a sound and reasonable judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages, divide the liquidated damages into punitive liquidated damages and compensatory liquidated damages and adjust them separately, so as to specify the standards for the adjustment of liquidated damages. It also suggests to perfect the procedural provisions of judicial adjustment of liquidated damages.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D923.6

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