公序良俗原则的判断标准研究

发布时间：2018-12-07 11:02

【摘要】：公序良俗原则是民法的基本原则之一,我国台湾学者郑玉波先生曾言：“公序良俗在今日已为私法上之至高原则。”公序良俗原则能够成为民法的至高原则主要是由于其在限制私法自治、契约自由的活动中发挥了重要的作用,并且赋予了法官自由裁量的权利,弥补了成文法律规范的缺陷。但是,我国民法并没有明确规定公序良俗原则,只是在《民法通则》以及《合同法》中有所体现,《民法通则》第7条规定：“民事活动应当尊重社会公德,不得损害社会公共利益。”第58条规定：“违反法律或者社会公共利益的民事行为无效。”我国《合同法》与《民法通则》的做法基本一致,《合同法》第7条规定：“当事人订立、履行合同,应当遵守法律、行政法规、尊重社会公德、不得扰乱社会经济秩序、损害社会公共利益。”第52条规定“危害社会公共利益的合同无效”。在我国的司法审判实践中,虽然有关公序良俗的案件不在少数,但适用其进行裁判的案件却相对较少,在少数案件中还存在的相似的案件事实但是却出现了截然相反的裁判内容,在一些案件中也不免出现法官自由裁量权的滥用的情况。纠其原因,不难看出我国现有的法律制度并没有对公序良俗原则的适用建立一套合理的判断标准体系,更没有关于法官适用公序良俗原则的有关程序性的规定。文章将从基本理论入手,针对上述问题进行阐释。本文在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,从探讨公序良俗原则的基本理论入手,在探讨公序良俗原则的基本标准的基础上,进一步探讨几类常见案件的具体判断标准问题,最后通过阐述如何来限制法官的自由裁量权为公序良俗原则在司法中的有效运用提出建议。文章共分为五个部分：第一部分由两则案例引出问题,在什么情况下应当适用公序良俗原则,是不是所有的法律行为在和社会道德相背离时都应当被认定为违反公序良俗原则而无效呢,公序良俗原则应当遵循什么样的判断标准,在具体案件中又应当如何适用；第二部分主要阐述了公序良俗原则的基本理论问题,包括公序良俗原则的基本涵义、国内外发展以及有关公序良俗的类型化问题。第三部分在前文的基础上主要研究公序良俗原则的判断标准,这部分从基本判断标准入手,进而研究在几类具体的合同纠纷以及遗赠纠纷中的具体的适用判断标准。第四部分首先对于限制法官自由裁量权的必要性进行论述,然后主要是从程序的角度来论述对法官自由裁量权力的限制；第五部分在前文的基础上,结合案例进行总结。
[Abstract]:The principle of public order and good custom is one of the basic principles of civil law. Mr. Zheng Yubo, a Taiwan scholar in China, once said: "Public order and good custom is now the supreme principle of private law." The principle of public order and good custom can become the supreme principle of civil law mainly because it plays an important role in restricting the autonomy of private law and the freedom of contract, and endows the judge with the right of discretion and makes up for the defects of written legal norms. However, the civil law of our country has not clearly stipulated the principle of public order and good custom, but has been embodied in the General principles of Civil Law and the contract Law. Article 7 of the General principles of Civil Law stipulates: "Civil activities should respect social morality," Shall not prejudice the public interest. " Article 58 states: "A civil act that violates the law or the public interest shall be null and void." Article 7 of the contract Law stipulates that "the parties shall abide by the laws and administrative regulations, respect social morality, and shall not disturb the social and economic order," Harm to the public interest. " Article 52 provides that a contract endangering the public interest shall be void. In the judicial practice of our country, although there are not a few cases of good public order and good customs, there are relatively few cases in which they are applied to adjudicate. In a few cases, there are similar facts of cases, but there are quite opposite adjudication contents. In some cases, the abuse of the judge's discretion is inevitable. It is not difficult to find out that the existing legal system of our country has not established a set of reasonable judgment standard system for the application of the principle of public order and good custom, and there are no procedural provisions on the application of the principle of public order and good custom by judges. The article will proceed from the basic theory, carries on the explanation to the above question. Based on the previous research results, this paper starts with the basic theory of the principle of public order and good custom, and on the basis of discussing the basic standard of the principle of public order and good custom, further discusses the concrete judgment standard of several kinds of common cases. Finally, some suggestions are made on how to limit the discretion of judges for the effective application of the principle of public order and good custom in the administration of justice. The article is divided into five parts: the first part leads to questions from two cases, under what circumstances should the principle of public order and good customs be applied, Should all legal acts be regarded as invalid when deviating from social morality? what kind of judgment standard should be followed and how should they be applied in specific cases? The second part mainly expounds the basic theoretical problems of the principle of good public order, including the basic meaning of the principle of good custom of public order, the development at home and abroad and the typology of the principle of good custom of public order. The third part mainly studies the judgment standard of the principle of public order and good custom on the basis of the above, which starts with the basic judgment standard, and then studies the specific applicable judgment standard in several kinds of specific contract disputes and legacies disputes. The fourth part first discusses the necessity of restricting the discretion of judges, and then mainly discusses the limitations of the discretion of judges from the point of view of procedure; the fifth part summarizes the case on the basis of the above.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D923

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