意思自治在监护领域适用的比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-05 07:20

本文选题：意思自治　切入点：比较法研究　出处：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：当事人意思自治原则已是国际通行原则之一,不论是国内实体领域还是国际私法层面,意思自治原则逐渐突破合同领域,不断向家庭法领域扩张。从契约角度分析,在婚姻关系、夫妻财产关系中适用意思自治是无可厚非的,在各国实体法和国际私法立法中已被广泛采用。意思自治在向家庭法领域扩张的同时,在监护领域广泛适用意思自治的呼声越来越大。从实体法中监护制度适用意思自治的立法比较,到国际立法层面的立法分析,在监护领域适用意思自治原则的都有着坚实的理论基础,且其趋势也是必然的。传统实体法角度意思自治的本质就是契约自由,倡导的是私人自治理念。无论是在社会语境还是法学著作中,意思自治都有着圣神地位。法律的中心目的在于赋予人们自由意志可以追求其个人意愿,同时提供必要手段解决争议冲突。意思自治是公民所拥有的重要权利之一,甚至可以被视为其他所有权利的本源。缺乏意思自治,我们所有的权利将成为一纸空文。意思自治原则倡导个人自由,其根源就在于西方国家所倡导的"契约自由"。家庭事项作为公民个人意愿表现最为明显的领域,适用意思自治已有越来越多的法律依据。从某种角度说,监护关系是有家庭关系产生的,监护领域适用意思自治同样有着坚实的理论基础。设立监护制度的目的主要是为了保护无民事行为能力人和限制民事行为能力人的合法权益,从而维护社会秩序的稳定。意思自治在成年人监护领域的适用主要体现在成年人意定监护制度中。成年意定监护制度是当事人意思自治原则在成年人监护制度中适用典型。英美持续性代理制度、日本意定监护制度以及德国照管制度是目前具有代表性的监护制度,其中对于成年人意定监护的规定也较为完善,在一定程度上也尊重和保护了当事人的意思自治。另一方面,意思自治在未成年人监护制度中的适用主要体现在未成年人遗嘱监护制度和父母监护协议的承认与执行中。对于未成年人遗嘱监护制度,德国法与美国相关法律都有规定,并同时对其中的意思自治作了限制性规定。对于父母监护协议的承认与执行,目前虽然主要还是理论呼声高于立法实践,但从美国《路易斯安那州民法典》与《德国民法典》的相关规定可以得出,父母监护协议理应得到承认与执行。本文还从父母监护协议的历史与发展到理论学说基础,论证了父母监护协议应当得到承认与执行。在国际监护领域中,从《布鲁塞尔条例Ⅱa》及其他相关国际条约的规定可以看出,在协议管辖规则、判决的承认与执行等规定上,在国际监护领域适用意思自治也是大势所趋,理应扩大适用意思自治原则。国际监护领域适用意思自治的规定并不明显,原因在于弱者权益保护原则的存在。但意思自治与弱者保护的并不冲突,二者是相辅相成的关系,国际监护中意思自治的途径也是通过弱者保护实现的。结合我国监护制度现状,我国监护制度也存在诸多不足,监护制度改革也在进行当中。我国现行立法规定的监护制度并没有适用意思自治,新发布的《民法总则草案》中新增了成年人意定监护制度未成年人遗嘱监护制度。这是我国监护制度适用意思自治的重大改革。但其中的规定尚有不足,例如存在规定过于简单,可操作性差等问题。对此,可以从增加公权监督、细化立法规定等方面进行完善。
[Abstract]:The principle of party autonomy is one of the international conventions, whether domestic or international private law entity level, the principle of autonomy gradually break through the field of contract, expanding to the field of family law. The analysis from the perspective of the contract, in the marriage, for autonomy is no ground for blame of property between husband and wife, has been widely adopted in international law and private law autonomy in national entity. To expand the field of family law at the same time, autonomy is widely used in the field of guardianship grew louder. From the comparison of the guardianship system of substantive law applicable in autonomy legislation, to the analysis of international legislation legislation, have a solid theoretical foundation in the monitoring field for meaning the principle of autonomy, and the trend is inevitable. The traditional view of the substantive law of autonomy is the essence of freedom of contract, advocate is private self governance both read. In the social context and legal writings have the spirit of autonomy status. The law is to give people the purpose of free will can pursue their personal wishes, and provide the necessary means to resolve disputes conflict. Autonomy is one of the important rights of citizenship, and even can be regarded as the origin of all other rights. The lack of meaning autonomy, all our rights will become a mere scrap of paper. The principle of autonomy advocated individual freedom, which is rooted in the western countries advocated "freedom of contract". Family matters as citizens who wish the most obvious, the legal basis for the autonomy of more and more. From a certain point of view, there is a family of guardianship the relationship between the monitoring application of party autonomy also has a solid theoretical foundation. The establishment of guardianship system, the purpose is to protect the civil Capacity and limit the capacity of civil rights, so as to maintain the stability of social order. For autonomy in the field of adult guardianship is mainly reflected in the adult guardianship system. Adult guardianship system is the principle of party autonomy in the adult guardianship system in the application of typical persistent. Anglo American agency system, Japan. Guardianship system and Germany care system is the current representative of the guardianship system, including provisions for the adult guardianship is also more perfect, respect and protect the autonomy of the parties as to a certain extent. On the other hand, autonomy in the minors guardianship system in the application is mainly embodied in the minors admitted testamentary guardianship and parental custody agreement and execution. Wills for minors guardianship system, German law and American law have provisions At the same time, and the autonomy of the restrictions. As for the recognition and enforcement of parental custody agreement, although the main theory still louder than the legislative practice, but from the relevant provisions of the United States "Louisiana civil code" and "German Civil Code > it can be found that the parents custody agreement deserve recognition and enforcement. This article from the history and development of parental care protocols to the basic theories, demonstrates the parents custody agreement should be recognized and enforced in the international monitoring field, from the provisions of regulations of Brussels II a>" and other relevant international treaties can be seen in the agreement jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments and other provisions, but also represent the general trend in the application of autonomy in the field of international monitoring, should expand the application of the principle of autonomy. The provisions of the international monitoring for autonomy is not obvious, because of the weak right Interest protection principles exist. But autonomy and the protection of the weak are not in conflict, the two are complementary to each other, in the way of autonomy of international monitoring is achieved by the protection of the weak. With the current situation of China's guardianship system, guardianship system in our country there are many problems in supervision system reform of guardianship system is also underway. In our legislation does not apply to autonomy, the new release of "general principles of civil law > draft was added in the adult guardianship system for minors guardianship system. This is a major reform of China's guardianship system for autonomy. But the provisions are still insufficient, such as the existing provisions are too simple, operability poor. This can increase from the public power supervision, to improve the refinement of legislation and so on.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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