离婚损害赔偿制度的实证研究

发布时间：2018-07-02 10:05

本文选题：离婚损害赔偿 + 权利救济　；参考：《江西财经大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：离婚损害赔偿是针对婚姻关系中无过错方所受侵害予以的救济,目的是为降低受害人的物质与精神损失,其性质是一种典型的权利救济制度。如果夫妻情感因一方过错而受到影响,另一方就会面临身体和心灵的双重折磨。面对此种情形,无过错的一方有权要求过错方就自己身体和心灵上受到的创伤予以赔偿。众所周知,"保护弱者"以及"彰显公平"是我国婚姻家庭法的两大重要原则,而离婚损害赔偿制度的构建与运行显然是对这两项原则的重申。我国离婚损害赔偿制度始于2001年5月28日《中华人民共和国婚姻法》的修订,本法中"救助措施与法律责任"的章节是该制度得以成立的法律依据。近些年,越来越多的学者投身到研究离婚损害赔偿的法律适用范围中。然而,从司法实践过程中看,由于支撑该制度确立的相关法律条文过于僵化,导致其缺乏一定的可操作性。鉴于此,本文采用比较研究法,以法学理论为指导,通过分析司法实践的现状以揭示我国及国外婚姻家庭法律制度与司法实践中的异同点及其存在的不足之处,并在此基础上提出优化我国离婚损害赔偿制度的建议。我国的离婚损害赔偿制度,应当将核心落实在现实生活中的司法公平上,形成六个层次的保障机制。第一,在举证责任与规则方面,应该由人民法院主动取证,走受害配偶举证路线,实行举证责任倒置,这样才能从根本上彰显出离婚损害赔偿救济制度的作用和价值。第二,在离婚损害赔偿的适用范围方面,应该体现出本制度"保护弱者"、"彰显公平"的价值理念,将具有普遍性且会造成严重后果的违法行为也纳入损害赔偿范围;第三,在精神损害赔偿方面,应该赋予受害人索取精神赔偿的权利;第四,离婚损害赔偿数额方面,对离婚物质损害赔偿和精神损害赔偿划分轻重,从物质上切实保证无过错方权利的实现。第五,离婚损害赔偿关系中权利和义务主体方面,应该给出界定"无过错"配偶的标准,以提高本制度在司法实践中的可操作性。第六,在离婚诉讼时效方面,应该在保证各法条协调性的同时对受害方予以权利的救济,无过错方提出离婚损害赔偿诉讼的有效期应该为其知道或应当知道权利被侵害之日起的12个月内。
[Abstract]:The compensation for divorce damages is a relief for the infringement suffered by the party without fault in the marriage relationship. The purpose is to reduce the material and spiritual losses of the victims, and its nature is a kind of typical right relief system. If the couple is affected by one fault, the other faces both physical and mental torture. In such a case, the faultless party is entitled to claim compensation for the physical and mental trauma suffered by the wrongdoing party. As we all know, "protecting the weak" and "showing fairness" are two important principles of our country's marriage and family law, and the construction and operation of the system of compensation for divorce damages is obviously a reaffirmation of these two principles. The system of compensation for divorce damages in China began with the amendment of the Marriage Law of the people's Republic of China on May 28, 2001. The chapter of this Law on "Rescue measures and legal liability" is the legal basis for the establishment of the system. In recent years, more and more scholars devote themselves to the application of divorce damages. However, in the course of judicial practice, the relevant legal provisions which support the establishment of the system are too rigid, resulting in its lack of maneuverability. In view of this, this article adopts the comparative research method, with the legal theory as the instruction, through the analysis judicial practice present situation, reveals our country and the foreign marriage family legal system and the judicial practice the similarities and differences as well as the existence insufficiency. On this basis, the author puts forward some suggestions to optimize the system of divorce damages in China. The system of compensation for divorce damages in our country should put the core into practice on the judicial fairness in real life and form a six-level safeguard mechanism. First, in the burden of proof and rules, the people's court should take the initiative to collect evidence, take the line of proof by the aggrieved spouse, and put the burden of proof upside down, so that the role and value of the system of compensation for divorce damages can be fundamentally highlighted. Second, the scope of application of divorce damages should reflect the system of "protection of the weak", "highlight the equity" of the value of the concept of universal and will cause serious consequences of illegal acts into the scope of damages; third, In the aspect of compensation for moral damages, the victims should be given the right to claim spiritual compensation. Fourth, in terms of the amount of compensation for divorce damages, the amount of compensation for material damages and spiritual damages for divorce should be given weight and weight. The realization of the right of the no-fault party should be ensured from the material point of view. Fifth, in the aspect of the subject of right and obligation in the relationship of compensation for divorce damages, the standard of defining "no-fault" spouse should be given in order to improve the maneuverability of this system in judicial practice. Sixth, with regard to the limitation of divorce proceedings, the right relief should be granted to the injured party while ensuring the coordination of the various articles of the law. The action for divorce damages filed by a no-fault party shall be valid for 12 months from the date on which it knows or ought to know that its rights have been infringed.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923.9

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