乱伦禁忌—简单社会的法律

发布时间：2018-12-24 13:39

【摘要】： 本文包括导言、正文和结语三个部分,其中正文分为四章。导言首先介绍了乱伦禁忌的概念,是指禁止血缘关系以及拟制血缘关系很近的男女或者因联姻和继嗣而组成的团体内的男女发生性行为或结婚。它包括两个方面的禁忌:避免近亲交配和外婚制度。文化人类学对于乱伦禁忌一百多年的研究表明,乱伦禁忌的社会意义远大于其生物意义。由于“原始社会”是进化论以及西方中心话语的产物,因而本文使用“简单社会”这个概念。第一章介绍西方学界关于乱伦禁忌起源的各种理论,但是很多理论或因为解释面狭隘或因为证据不足都已经被一一批判了。到目前为止,文化人类学关于乱伦禁忌的最终解释是合作理论。虽然该理论也并未获得学界的普遍赞同,但其意义在于合作理论强调了乱伦禁忌是一个社会机制,强调了乱伦禁忌在简单社会中的核心作用。乱伦禁忌必须通过对婚姻的安排才能发挥这种核心作用。所以第二章讨论乱伦禁忌在简单社会中的首先表现——婚姻法。近亲交配特别是父女和母子之间的乱伦几乎为所有人类社会都无法容忍。有些社会为此甚至还规定了血亲回避制度。外婚制度作为简单社会最为基本的婚姻制度,决定了结婚的范围。这种范围又因继嗣规则的不同而不同,比如交错从表婚被广为推崇,而并行从表婚则被严格禁止。乱伦禁忌不仅表现为简单社会的婚姻法律规范,它还是其社会结构的基础。因而第三章讨论乱伦禁忌的基础性作用,并指出这种作用是通过外婚制度与继嗣规则的互动关系从而共同组成亲属关系来发挥的。亲属关系是社会关系的典范, 简单社会的社会关系首先表现为亲属关系。氏族是简单社会的基本单位。外婚制度作为氏族的基本规则,维护并促进了氏族的稳定。六个氏族分属于四个姻族,四个姻族又组成两个胞族,两个胞族组成一个部落。这是一个澳大利亚简单社会最为经典的社会结构。第四章的内容是乱伦禁忌与刑事处罚。乱伦禁忌是简单社会最为重要的法律,所以违禁者会受到严厉的刑罚。有些简单社会认为乱伦禁忌具有神圣性和传染性,因而寻求自然的处罚,往往表现为违禁者自杀。而对于更多的简单社会而言,对乱伦禁忌的触犯构成了一种非常严重的社会危险而必须要由共同体的全体成员对触犯者实施惩罚,往往表现为各种各样的死刑。这些简单社会在处罚乱伦犯罪时体现出的某些规定与现代刑法中的相关制度和原则颇为类似。结语指出,通过以上几个方面的描述和分析,作为简单社会最为重要的禁忌,乱伦禁忌完全可以称的上是简单社会的法律,而且是最为重要的法律。
[Abstract]:This paper includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion, in which the text is divided into four chapters. The introduction first introduces the concept of incest taboos, which refers to the prohibition of consanguinity and the establishment of sexual intercourse or marriage between men and women who are closely related to each other or in groups formed by marriage and heirs. It includes two taboos: avoiding inbreeding and exogamy. Cultural anthropology has studied incest taboos for more than one hundred years, which shows that the social significance of incest taboos is far greater than its biological significance. As the primitive society is the product of evolution and western central discourse, this paper uses the concept of "simple society". The first chapter introduces all kinds of theories about the origin of incest taboo in western academic circles, but many theories have been criticized one by one because of narrow explanation or insufficient evidence. So far, the ultimate explanation of cultural anthropology about incest is the theory of cooperation. Although the theory is not generally accepted by scholars, its significance lies in that the cooperative theory emphasizes that incest taboo is a social mechanism and emphasizes the central role of incest taboos in a simple society. Incest taboos must be arranged through marriage to play this central role. So the second chapter discusses the first manifestation of incest taboos in a simple society-Marriage Law. Inbreeding, especially incest between father and daughter, is intolerable in almost all human societies. Some societies have even prescribed a blood-relative avoidance system for this purpose. The extramarital system, as the most basic marriage system in a simple society, determines the scope of marriage. This range varies according to the stepchild rule, such as staggered marriage, which is widely advocated, and concurrent slave marriage, which is strictly prohibited. The taboo of incest is not only the legal norm of marriage in a simple society, but also the foundation of its social structure. The third chapter discusses the basic role of incest taboos and points out that this role is played by the interaction between extramarital system and the rules of heirs so as to form a kinship relationship together. Kinship is the model of social relations. The clan is the basic unit of a simple society. As the basic rules of the clan, exogamy maintains and promotes the stability of the gens. Six clans belong to four matriarchs, four of which form two phratry and two phratry into a tribe. This is the most classical social structure of a simple society in Australia. The content of the fourth chapter is contraindication of incest and criminal punishment. Incest taboos are the most important laws in a simple society, so offenders are subject to severe penalties. Some simple societies regard incest taboos as sacrosanct and infectious, and seek natural punishment, often in the form of suicide by violators. For more simple society, the violation of incest taboo constitutes a very serious social danger and must be punished by all members of the community. Some of the regulations embodied in these simple societies in punishing incest are quite similar to the relevant systems and principles in modern criminal law. The conclusion points out that, as the most important taboo in simple society, incest taboo can be said to be the law of simple society and the most important law through the description and analysis of the above several aspects.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D913

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