司法实践中保险免责条款的研究

发布时间：2018-03-05 17:10

本文选题：保险合同　切入点：免责条款　出处：《兰州大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：笔者在本文中从两个案由不同但争议焦点一致且情形类似的案例出发,阐述两案例出现不同审判结果的原因,分析了免责条款效力认定在司法审判实践中应考虑到的关键因素,并引出现时上述纠纷争议在司法审判中面临的困境,随后阐明免责条款的法律特征、正当性、制约的必要性及保险免责条款的效力问题。关于保险免责条款的效力问题,因保险合同为格式条款且合同双方地位信息不对等,对保险免责条款的解释应严格遵循不利解释原则和限制解释原则,其中不利解释原则为主,限制解释原则为辅。判定免责条款是否有效的首要条件是保险人是否依法律规定履行明确说明义务,实践中,保险人唯一能证实其已经履行该义务的就是举证具有被保险人签名确认的投保单,从维护保险行业持续发展的角度出发应杜绝投保单未签名或代签名的情况,而在上述首要条件成立的基础上,关键步骤是再通过现行法的法律规定、是否符合风险合理分配原理、是否符合权利义务对等理论等各方面考量免责条款的效力。司法审判实践中,审判人员应对上述首要条件和关键步骤作出合理的判断与分析,两个因素缺一不可。最后,笔者对于保险免责条款规制的完善在各个层面上提出建议,首先在立法上的完善是最为迫切而又具有直接影响性的,建议制定专门的保险格式合同规制法和引入“保险人综合情况评估及提请建议义务”制度;其次,在司法、行业协会、行政及其他各渠道也需要协助监督管理,发挥各自特点,互补不足,才能形成合理、规范、公正的免责条款规制机制。
[Abstract]:In this paper, starting from the two cases with different cases but the same dispute focus and similar circumstances, the author expounds the reasons for the different trial results in the two cases, and analyzes the key factors that should be considered in the judicial trial practice to determine the validity of the exemption clause. Then it explains the legal characteristics, legitimacy, the necessity of restriction and the validity of the insurance exemption clause. Because the insurance contract is a form clause and the status information of both parties is not equal, the interpretation of the insurance exemption clause should strictly follow the unfavorable interpretation principle and the restrictive interpretation principle, among which the unfavorable interpretation principle is the main one. The first condition for determining whether an exemption clause is effective or not is whether the insurer performs the obligation of clear explanation in accordance with the provisions of the law. In practice, The only thing that the insurer can prove that it has fulfilled this obligation is to prove that the insurance policy has been signed and confirmed by the insured. In order to maintain the continuous development of the insurance industry, it is necessary to put an end to the situation that the insurance policy has not been signed or signed on behalf of the insured. On the basis of the establishment of the above primary conditions, the key step is to pass the existing law again and whether it conforms to the principle of rational risk allocation. In judicial trial practice, the judge should make a reasonable judgment and analysis of the above primary conditions and key steps, the two factors are indispensable. The author puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the regulation of insurance exemption clauses at all levels. Firstly, the perfection of legislation is the most urgent and has a direct impact on it. It is suggested to establish a special contract regulation law of insurance format and to introduce the system of "Comprehensive situation Assessment and recommendation obligation of Insurers". Secondly, in the judicial, trade association, administrative and other channels, we also need to assist in supervision and management, and give play to their own characteristics. Only by complementing each other, can we form a reasonable, standardized and fair regulation mechanism of exemption clauses.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.284

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