涉外消费者合同的冲突法规制研究

发布时间：2018-04-04 19:13

本文选题：涉外消费者合同　切入点：弱者利益保护　出处：《中国政法大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：消费者保护是人类社会发展到一定阶段的产物,20世纪初期以来,随着商品经济的不断发展以及垄断资本主义的出现,自由市场秩序遭到破坏,经营者与消费者之间的力量强弱对比发生了质的改变,现代消费者保护立法的兴起是与世界性的消费者保护运动紧密联系在一起的。对于消费者的特殊保护从国内的民事实体立法发端,针对消费者“弱者”的地位通过实体法律规定予以特殊保护,借以维护消费者与经营者利益的平衡。随着经济全球化的发展,交通运输方式不断变化,互联网技术的突飞猛进,跨国消费行为日益频繁,跨国消费方式多样化,消费者权益保护呈现复杂化的趋势。在国际交往之中,涉外消费者合同会与多个国家产生关联,此时国内实体法对消费者利益保护的规定就显得力不从心,必须辅之以国际私法的调整方法才能保证消费者权利的真正实现。各国在完善国内消费者保护立法的同时,在冲突法立法方面也呈现出一种更能体现法律人文关怀和实质正义的新的取向。冲突法立法中贯彻弱者利益保护的理念,追求实质正义实现的同时也运用冲突规则保证法律适用结果的一致性和确定性。具体到方法论层面,现代冲突法制度中,合同准据法的确定主要依据两大原则:最密切联系原则与当事人意思自治原则。在实质正义思想的指引下,合同法律适用的两大主要原则均被各国冲突法立法进行了一定程度的修正和限制,以期达到保护弱者权利之目的。特征性履行方法得到修正,放弃原本的经营者所在地的法律转而适用消费者经常居所地法。意思自治原则在消费者合同领域受到了选择方式、范围上的限制,同时还要受到强制性规则以及公共秩序保留原则的制约,防止了经营者利用优势地位削弱对消费者保护的力度。我国2010年颁布实施的《涉外民事关系法律适用法》,弥补了我国在涉外消费者合同法律适用方面的空白,在诸多方面体现了我国法律适用理念和立法技术上的进步性:首先,将涉外消费者合同从普通涉外合同中单独出来,根据涉外消费者合同的特殊性质,专门规定涉外消费者合同的法律适用规则。第42条明确将“适用消费者经常居所地法”确定为消费者合同法律适用的一般性规则。首次采用“消费者经常居所地”这一连结点,符合国际发展潮流,同时体现了对消费者的特别保护;在尊重当事人意思自治的基础上,考虑到消费者的弱势地位,特别赋予消费者单方法律选择权,明确表达了对于当事人意思自治的限制。但是,通过理论分析以及对比国际上其他国家的相关立法,又会发现我国的涉外消费者合同法律适用规则还存在诸多问题,意思自治原则限制过于严格;强制性规则在保护涉外消费者利益上缺位;虽然有区分主动消费者与被动消费者的倾向,但是所采用的界定方式不恰当,不利于立法目的的实现等等;诸如此类的问题都暴露了我国在涉外消费者合同冲突法制度构建上存在的立法理念与立法技术上的诸多不足,需要在今后的立法和实践当中予以弥补。
[Abstract]:Consumer protection is a product of a certain stage of the development of human society, the beginning of the twentieth Century, with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of monopoly capitalism, the free market order is destroyed, the power contrast between operators and consumers has undergone a qualitative change, the rise of modern consumer protection legislation is closely linked with the consumer protection movement the world. For the special protection of consumers from the beginning of civil legislation in China, according to the consumer "weak" position by substantive law gives special protection, in order to safeguard the interests of consumers and business operators. With the development of economic globalization, transportation mode changing, the rapid development of Internet technology, the increasingly frequent multinational consumer behavior multinational consumer, diversification of consumer protection, presents a mixed trend in China. International communication, international consumer contract will be associated with a number of countries, the provisions on the protection of the interests of consumers at the domestic entity law becomes powerless, must be complemented by adjusting method of private international law in order to ensure the realization of consumer rights. All the countries in the country and improve consumer protection legislation, in the conflict of laws has emerged a more humanistic care to reflect the legal and substantive justice of the new orientation. Implement the protection of the weak concept of conflict of laws, the pursuit of consistency and certainty and substantive justice implementation is also based on the conflict rules to ensure that the law applicable results. Specific to the methodological level, while modern system, mainly on the basis of the two principles to determine the applicable the law of contract: the most closely linked to the principle of party autonomy and the principle of substantive justice. In theory, the applicable law of contract two The main principles are all conflict of laws are modified and restricted to a certain extent, in order to achieve the purpose of protecting the rights of the weak. The characteristic performance is corrected, the habitual residence of consumers to give up the original operator method for local law. The principle of autonomy by the choice of consumers in the field of contract, the scope of the at the same time limit, but also by the mandatory rules and the restriction of the principle of reservation of public order, prevent the operators to take advantage of the status of consumer protection efforts. The weakening of foreign civil relations law "of China promulgated in 2010", make up the blank of our country in the international consumer contract law applies, in many aspects of our country application of law concept and legislative technical progress: first, the international consumer contract from the ordinary foreign-related contract separately, according to the The special nature of the international consumer contract, special provisions concerning consumer legal rules in the contract. Article forty-second explicitly "Application of consumer habitual residence" for consumers to determine the applicable contract law of general rules. For the first time the "consumer habitual residence" which is a connecting point, in line with the international trend, also reflects the special protection of consumers; in respect of party autonomy based on the consideration of the weak position of consumers, especially given consumers unilateral choice of law right, clearly expressed for the autonomy of the parties. However, through theoretical analysis and comparison of the relevant legislation of other countries in the world, and will find China's foreign-related consumer contract law applicable rules there are still many problems, the principle of autonomy is strict; the absence of mandatory rules in the protection of foreign consumer interests; Although there is a tendency to distinguish between active and passive consumers of consumers, but the definition is not appropriate, not conducive to the realization of the legislative purpose and so on; and so on problems exposed in the legislation idea of construction of foreign-related consumer contract conflict law system exists many shortcomings and technical, to make up for in legislation and practice in the future.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.295

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