网约私家车法律规制研究

发布时间：2018-04-29 04:30

本文选题：网约私家车 + 规制　；参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：传统特许经营制度下的出租车行业,因数量控制、严格的证照式管理等准入限制而缺乏市场竞争,常常出现拒载、甩客等现象。基于“互联网+”时代下的“互联网+交通”的网约私家车,将互联网与私家车闲置资源结合起来,覆盖范围更加广泛,更加便捷,也促进了低碳环保的生态文明建设。但在带来便利的同时,网约私家车市场也存在涉嫌非法营运、发生交通事故时责任主体不明、消费者权益保护薄弱等诸多问题。2016年7月27日,交通部、公安部等七个部门联合出台《网络预约出租汽车经营服务管理暂行办法》,并从2016年11月1日起正式实施,该暂行办法肯定了网约私家车的合法地位,初步建立了对网约私家车市场进行规制的法律框架。紧随其后,上海、北京、广州等城市根据该暂行办法并结合自身情况,纷纷制定了实施细则。暂行办法与各地实施细则对于网约私家车市场的规制,反映到实践中,却存在过度规制与规制不足并存的问题。一是,在网约私家车中对驾驶员的资格规定方面,北京、上海等地规定网约私家车驾驶员必须具有本地户籍,并需要申领《网络预约出租汽车驾驶员证》。对于户籍的限定侵害了网约私家车驾驶员的平等就业权,而采用跟传统出租车一样的证照式管理实施上带有一定难度并且不利于共享经济下的网约车的发展;二是,在网约私家车车辆方面,各地纷纷要求车辆的轴距、排量必须满足一定的范围,有的甚至规定车辆的最低价格,这些规定与当地政府所强调的安全性并无直接的逻辑关系,车辆的安全性是部件性能的标准合格,而非这些舍本逐末的外在条件;三是,在网约车平台责任方面,立法确定了网约车平台公司的承运人法律地位,有利于对消费者的保护,但是泛化了网约车平台公司责任,因为在兼职的网约私家车提供服务的情形时,网约车平台公司这时候实质上在内部法律关系中更处于居间人地位;四是,在消费者权益保护方面,缺乏侵权或违约发生时消费者的求偿机制,对残障人员等弱势消费者的权益保护也未有涉及。对于网约私家车这一新兴业态的规制,不应该简单地看作传统出租车行业的互联网化而纳入以往规制体系的窠臼,现有的立法不应该是行业限制法而应该是行业促进法。另外,对网约私家车进行专职的网约私家车服务和兼职的网约私家车服务区分,可以使各主体间的法律关系明晰化,也避免了一刀切式地将法律责任泛化。规制者应该采取促进性原则与区分原则对网约私家车市场进行规制,适当放宽私家车接入网约车平台的准入条件,同时规制也应该兼顾到消费者的合法权益。
[Abstract]:Under the traditional franchise system, the taxi industry lacks market competition because of access restrictions such as quantity control, strict license management and so on. Based on the "Internet traffic" in the era of "Internet traffic" private cars, the combination of the Internet and private cars idle resources together, more extensive coverage, more convenient, but also to promote the construction of low-carbon ecological civilization. However, while bringing convenience, there are many problems in the private car market, such as suspected illegal operation, unclear responsibility at the time of traffic accident, weak protection of consumers' rights and interests, etc. On July 27, 2016, the Ministry of Communications, The Ministry of Public Security and seven other departments jointly issued the interim measures for the Administration of online booking Taxi Business Service, and officially implemented them from November 1, 2016. The interim measures affirmed the legal status of the private cars engaged on the net. The legal framework of regulating the net private car market is preliminarily established. Cities such as Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou have worked out implementation rules on the basis of the interim measures and their own circumstances. The temporary measures and the rules and regulations for the net private car market reflect the problem of excessive regulation and insufficient regulation in practice. First, in terms of qualifications for drivers in net private cars, Beijing, Shanghai and other places stipulate that net private car drivers must have local household registration, and need to apply for the "online booking taxi driver's license". The restriction of household registration infringes on the equal right of private car drivers to obtain employment, and the adoption of the same license management as the traditional taxi has some difficulties and is not conducive to the development of the net-chartered car under the shared economy; second, With regard to private car vehicles on the net, various localities have demanded that the wheelbase of the vehicles, the displacement must meet a certain range, and some even stipulate the minimum price of the vehicles. These regulations have no direct logical relationship with the security emphasized by the local government. The safety of the vehicle is the standard of the performance of the components, not the external condition. Third, the legislation determines the legal status of the carrier of the ride-hailing platform company, which is conducive to the protection of consumers. However, the liability of the ride-sharing platform company has been generalized, because in the case of a part-time private car offering services, the car-sharing platform company is in a more intermediary position in the internal legal relationship at this time; fourth, In the protection of consumers' rights and interests, there is no compensation mechanism for consumers when infringement or breach of contract occurs, and the protection of the rights and interests of vulnerable consumers, such as disabled persons, is not involved. The regulation of net private cars as a new form of business should not simply be regarded as the Internet of the traditional taxi industry and brought into the former regulatory system. The existing legislation should not be an industry restriction law but an industry promotion law. In addition, the distinction between the private car service and the part-time private car service can make the legal relationship between the subjects clear and avoid the generalization of legal liability in a one-size-fits-all manner. Regulators should adopt the principle of promotion and differentiation to regulate the private car market, relax the access conditions of private car access network platform, and take into account the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.296

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