海难救助中的环境救助报酬制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-06 10:18

本文选题：海难救助 + 环境救助　；参考：《海南大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着社会进步、科技发展,当代船舶的运载能力越来越强,其运载物也更加繁多复杂,其中不乏强污染物质,一旦发生意外就会对海洋环境造成严重破坏。及时、高效的海难救助能够将船舶失事带来的环境破坏降到最低。海运是我国经济发展的必经之路,但是,一次次的海难事故造成了海洋的严重污染,使我国的海洋环境面临重大威胁。变革古老的海难救助法,通过构建环境救助法律制度激励环境保护行为,是应对此窘境的合理法律手段。因此,本课题对促进国民经济又好又快发展,有效保护海洋环境具有很大的意义。分析实际救援案例我们就能发现,救助者提供的救助服务主要是针对于失事人员、财物以及船舶,对于环境的救助工作一般被忽略,因此,船舶失事后泄漏的燃油以及污染性货物对海洋环境造成的破坏仍是海难救助工作中需要完善的方面。虽然说,海洋环境并不能直接划分到“遇险财产”一项,海难救助法中的救助客体并不包括海洋环境,但是,从另一方面来看,如果环境救助想成为真正的救助客体,就要和救助报酬以及特别补偿有联系。此外还存在一种观点,当海难救助成功也就是救助人若能防止或减轻环境损害,海难救助人也可以享有救助报酬。以上的观点都显示了海难救助中的环境救助报酬呈现独立化的倾向。在海难救助发生时,如果海上遇险财产有可能损害到海洋环境,之后得到了救助,这表明海洋环境得到了非直接的救助,由此看来,其被称为环境救助使符合环保视角的。特别补偿制度由此应运而生,但是通过实践,该制度不能有效激励海难救助中的环境救助,从而有效的保护海洋环境。本篇文章的主要目的就是在现行的海难救助法的基础上,进行改进与升级以形成一种更为先进完善的环境救助制度。作者经过大量研究发现,现行的环境报酬制度还有许多亟待改进之处,例如保障环境救助报酬的申请与确权制度、污染物的界定以及对海洋环境造成的威胁或者破坏的评判制度,本文则通过研究现行法律规定的环境报酬制度的不足之处,借鉴国外相关立法与实践的经验,提出建立和完善符合中国实际的海难救助中环境报酬制度的新构想。
[Abstract]:With the progress of society and the development of science and technology, the carrying capacity of modern ships is more and more powerful, and their carriers are more and more complex, among which there are some strong pollutants. Once accidents occur, they will cause serious damage to the marine environment. Timely and efficient salvage can minimize the environmental damage caused by shipwreck. Maritime transportation is the only way for China's economic development. However, maritime accidents have caused serious pollution of the sea and made the marine environment of our country face a serious threat. It is a reasonable legal means to reform the ancient maritime salvage law and to encourage the environmental protection behavior through the construction of the legal system of environmental rescue. Therefore, this topic is of great significance to promote the sound and rapid development of the national economy and effectively protect the marine environment. By analyzing the actual rescue cases, we can find that the rescue services provided by the rescuers are mainly aimed at shipwrecks, property and ships, and the rescue work for the environment is generally neglected. The damage to marine environment caused by leaking oil and polluting cargo after shipwreck is still in need of perfection in salvage work. Although the marine environment can not be divided directly into "distress property", the salvage object in the salvage law does not include the marine environment, but, on the other hand, if the environmental rescue wants to be the real salvage object, There is a link to compensation and special compensation. There is also a view that if the salvage is successful, that is, if the salvor can prevent or mitigate the environmental damage, the salvage person can also enjoy the reward of salvage. The above views all show the tendency of independent compensation for environmental rescue in salvage at sea. At the time of salvage at sea, if the property in distress at sea is likely to damage the marine environment and then be rescued, this indicates that the marine environment has been rescued indirectly, so it is called "environmental rescue" to make it accord with the environmental protection perspective. The special compensation system emerges as the times require, but through the practice, this system can not effectively encourage the environmental rescue in maritime distress rescue, thus effectively protect the marine environment. The main purpose of this paper is to improve and upgrade the existing maritime salvage law to form a more advanced and perfect environmental rescue system. After a lot of research, the author finds that the current environmental compensation system still needs to be improved, such as the system of applying for and confirming the right to pay for environmental assistance. The definition of pollutants and the evaluation system of the threat or damage to the marine environment. This paper, by studying the deficiencies of the environmental reward system stipulated by the current law, draws on the experience of relevant legislation and practice of foreign countries. This paper puts forward a new idea of establishing and perfecting the environmental reward system in line with the actual situation in China.
【学位授予单位】：海南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.294;D996.19

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