增量财产视野下的经营权研究

发布时间：2018-08-01 13:40

【摘要】：与所有权承载的是财产使用价值的静态归属不同,经营权承载的是财产使用价值的创造和交换价值的实现。经营权是劳动力权在财富创造领域中的一种表现形式,着重于对财产的经营,发挥的是财产动态增值的功能。经营行为、经营意识、经营活动比所有权出现的时间都要早,“两权分离”并不意味着经营权是所有权派生出来的。经营权之所以迟迟未“到来”,是因为经营权“出生”的社会基础还不具备。社会基础总是在不知不觉中渐变的,而权利和法律的变化却相对滞后很多。当前,财产的内涵已经分化为使用价值和交换价值,人类特有的生活方式也分离为生产活动和消费活动,整个社会基础已经发生了阶段式的变化。从经营权的历史演进过程中可以归纳出“劳动”和“财产”是经营权的“最小公分母”。霍菲尔德认为所谓复杂的法律概念和关系只不过是法律的“最小公分母”的不同组合而己。循着这一思路,经营权是指人们运用劳动对相对占有的生产性财产自主地进行经营活动,并对创造或实现的增量财产享有收益和处分的权利。经营权不是单一的自然权利,而是社会审慎构建的、由许多项权能组成的“权利束”。它由相对性占有权、生产性使用权、经营活动自主权、增量财产收益权、增量财产处分权等基本权能及自主定价权、自主决策权、市场准入权等子权能集合而成。经营权不是纯粹利己的权利,在实现经营权的过程中存在经营活动的风险。经营权被当作一项权利实现时,权利主体可以行使经营权的全部权能,也可将全部或部分的权能授予其他主体行使,但其风险最终是由经营权人自己承担;当经营权被当作权利性财产实现时,其各项权能及风险也一并“打包”流转给受让人,受让人在受让期限内成为了新的经营权人。无论如何,经营权最终是作为权利来实现的。是否承担经营权的绝对义务——经营风险,这是判断是否取得经营权的标志。在公民、企业、政府这三大经营权主体中,企业法人将会被优选为实现经营权的主要载体。改革开放三十多年所进行的“增量改革”已然改变了社会基础。虽然多数人尚未意识到增量财产的重要性,但是它确已潜在地影响了人们对待财产的态度及与财产相关的行为秩序。很大程度上,人们贫困的根源在于没有追求财富的权利,而经营权就是保障人们追求增量财产的权利,它可以使“财产”和“劳动”得到更集约化的利用。从增量财产的角度来研究经营权,可将已经散落在各部门法中的经营权各项权能体系化为完整的经营权,并推动经营权谱系的审慎构建。在这个物质极为丰富的时代,资本量将不再稀缺,而劳动力却越来越稀缺,社会的注意力将逐渐聚焦到如何实现交换价值而获得增量财产上,并会将经营权推向一个新高度,在新的社会基础上被赋予时代内涵。
[Abstract]:Unlike the static ownership of the property use value, the management right carries the creation of the property use value and the realization of the exchange value. Management right is a form of expression of labor right in the field of wealth creation, focusing on the management of property, and exerting the function of dynamic increment of property. The separation of two rights does not mean that the right of management is derived from ownership. The reason why the right of management has not come is because the social foundation of the right of management is not yet available. The foundation of society always changes unconsciously, but the change of right and law lags behind. At present, the connotation of property has been divided into use value and exchange value, and the unique way of life of human beings has also been separated into production and consumption activities. The whole social foundation has changed in stages. From the historical evolution of management right, it can be concluded that "labor" and "property" are the "minimum common denominator" of management right. Horfield believes that complex legal concepts and relationships are just different combinations of the minimum common denominator of law. Following this train of thought, the right of management refers to the right of people to use labor to manage the productive property which is relatively occupied independently, and to enjoy the right to gain and dispose of the incremental property created or realized. Management right is not a single natural right, but a bundle of rights constructed by society carefully and composed of many powers. It consists of the basic power of relative possession, productive right of use, autonomy of business activities, right of income from incremental property, right of disposition of incremental property and independent pricing right, independent decision-making right, market access right and so on. Management right is not a pure right of self-interest, and the risk of business activities exists in the process of realizing management right. When the right of management is realized as a right, the subject of the right can exercise the whole power of the right of management, or grant the whole or part of the power to other subjects to exercise, but the risk is ultimately borne by the owner of the right. When the management right is realized as the right property, its power and risk are also transferred to the transferee, and the transferee becomes a new operator within the time limit of the transfer. In any case, the right of management is ultimately realized as a right. Whether to undertake the absolute obligation of management right-management risk, this is the symbol of judging whether to obtain the management right. Among the three main subjects of management right, citizen, enterprise and government, the corporate person will be chosen as the main carrier to realize the management right. The "incremental reform" carried out in more than 30 years of reform and opening up has changed the social foundation. Although most people have not yet realized the importance of incremental property, it has potentially affected people's attitude towards property and the behavior order related to property. To a large extent, the root of people's poverty lies in the lack of the right to pursue wealth, and the right of management is to guarantee people's right to pursue incremental property, which can make "property" and "labor" more intensive use. To study the management right from the angle of incremental property can transform the power system of management right which has been scattered in all branches of law into a complete management right and promote the careful construction of the management power pedigree. In this era of extremely rich material, capital will no longer be scarce, but labor is becoming more and more scarce. The attention of society will gradually focus on how to realize the exchange value and acquire incremental property, and will push the management right to a new height. On the basis of the new society is endowed with the connotation of the times.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.29

【参考文献】