海上责任保险告知义务法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-17 11:16

【摘要】：海上保险伴随着海上贸易的发展而产生,其最初设立的目的是船货双方规避海上运输的风险,并在实践中不断完善的一种商事制度。而其中的告知义务作为海上保险的重要一环,从产生到现在发挥了重要作用。本文旨在研究海上责任保险中的告知义务,在实践中如果投保人违反了告知义务将会面对保险人拒绝赔付的严重结果,然而海上责任保险则是为了保护在海上事故中无辜的受害者。因此,如果将传统的海上保险告知义务照搬到海上责任保险制度中会发生制度之间的冲突。在构建新的海上责任保险制度之中,就必须对告知义务赋予新的内涵。海上责任保险最初的目的是为保护受害第三者的利益,在实际操作中,保险人仍然无法预料投保人对告知义务的履行是否尽到最大诚信原则,与此同时就有必要对保险人的利益加以相应的保护,但是现行的立法过多地保护了保险人,对于被保险人的信赖利益却有所忽视。本文从研究海上责任保险告知义务的含义和历史解读出发,对告知义务进行先期的铺垫,以及论证海上责任保险的现状及不足,从而发现社会对海上责任保险新制度构建的迫切需求以及对新制度提出自己的拙见。本文将选择英美法系、大陆法系对海上责任保险告知义务的法律属性进行剖析,进而了解其与民法中过错归责原则、无过错归责原则的界限与联系,分析现行海上责任保险告知义务的立法现状信息不对称对告知义务的影响,保险者在责任保险中对保险标的信息的掌握远超于保险者,针对这种信息不对称往往使得保险人在责任保险中处于不利地位,而保险人为了规避信息不对称的风险,往往拒绝承保或者提高保费。为了避免此种情况的进一步发展,投保人成立保赔协会对保险人拒绝承保的四分之一保费进行承保,但是保赔协会的性质并非保险公司,而是保险人之间成立的一种互助组织。通过对海上责任保险一系列制度的分析,笔者提出对完善海上责任保险告知义务的建议,即从适用范围、确立标准、法律后果三方面。告知义务的适用范围应当从合同订立之前扩展到合同订立之前直至合同履行的全过程。在确立标准上,应当增加主观标准和谨慎保险人的概念以减少保险人以被保险人未告知其不知或在通常业务中也不应知的重要性事实为由主张解除保险赔偿责任。至于法律后果方面,针对投保人故意或者重大过失未告知的情况,细分不同的法律后果。
[Abstract]:Marine insurance comes into being with the development of marine trade. The purpose of marine insurance is to avoid the risks of marine transportation and to perfect the commercial system constantly in practice. As an important part of marine insurance, the duty of disclosure has played an important role since its emergence. In practice, if the insured breaches the obligation of disclosure, he will face the serious consequence of refusing to pay. However, marine liability insurance is to protect the innocent victims in maritime accidents. Therefore, if the traditional obligation of disclosure of marine insurance is transferred to the marine liability insurance system, it will happen. The original purpose of marine liability insurance is to protect the interests of the injured third party. In practice, the insurer still can not predict whether the insured fulfills the obligation of disclosure to the utmost good faith principle, at the same time. It is necessary to protect the insurer's interests accordingly, but the current legislation too much protects the insurer, but neglects the insured's trust interests. This paper, starting from the study of the meaning and historical interpretation of the obligation of disclosure of marine liability insurance, paves the way for the obligation of disclosure, and demonstrates the marine liability insurance. This paper will analyze the legal attributes of the duty of disclosure of marine liability insurance in Anglo-American law system and Continental law system, and then understand its relationship with the principle of liability fixation for fault in civil law and the principle of liability fixation without fault. Limit and contact, analysis of the current legislative status of the duty of disclosure of marine liability insurance information asymmetry on the impact of the obligation of disclosure, the insurer in liability insurance of the subject-matter of information is far more than the insurer, for this information asymmetry often makes the insurer in a disadvantageous position in liability insurance, and the insurer in order to avoid credit In order to avoid the further development of this situation, the insurer sets up an insurance and indemnity association to insure one fourth of the premium that the insurer refuses to accept, but the nature of the insurance and indemnity association is not an insurance company, but a mutual aid organization between the insurers. By analyzing a series of systems of liability insurance, the author puts forward some suggestions on perfecting the duty of disclosure in marine liability insurance, that is, from the scope of application, establishing standards and legal consequences. As for the legal consequences, the different legal consequences should be subdivided according to the uninformed intentional or gross negligence of the insured.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.284

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