食品安全强制责任保险第三者保障机制研究

发布时间：2018-12-29 13:04

【摘要】：食品安全侵权责任的严格化固然有利于保护受害第三者的权益,但若不能保证事故责任人的赔付能力,责任再严格也无法达到救济目的。因此,食品安全强制责任保险成为弥补侵权责任法之缺陷的首要之选。“食强险”是指以被保险人对食品安全事故第三者所遭受的损失依法应当承担的赔偿责任为保险标的的法定保险。“食强险”的立法目的在于给事故第三者提供快捷、基本的保障。为实现这一目的,除了强制投保以外还需得在以下方面做出与一般责任保险不同的制度设计:首先,在索赔主体方面,根据合同相对性原则食品安全事故第三者并非责任保险合同主体,第三者只能通过被保险人向保险人提出赔偿请求才能最终获得赔偿救济。因此,为实现第三者权益最大化,应赋予第三者直接向保险公司请求赔偿的权利。其次,在赔偿范围方面,为使第三者得到维持基本生活额度的补偿,应对保险人给付责任限制制度作严格规范。最后,在保险责任基础方面,由于保险合同是保险人承担赔偿责任的重要基础,为保证合同效力稳定,应当限制合同双方变更、解除、终止强制责任保险合同,建立严格的合同效力维持制度。以上三个制度系“食强险”第三者保障机制的核心内容。为构建完善的第三者保障机制,本文提出如下建议:第一,以立法形式确立第三者直接请求权,优化第三者索赔路径,允许第三者直接起诉保险人以避免重复诉讼。第二,允许“食强险”保险人将事故引发的财产损失赔偿、精神损害赔偿以及惩罚性赔偿排除在强制责任承保范围外,只需满足第三者维持基本生活的正常需求。另外,为贯彻保护第三者利益的意图,应当将被保险人的故意行为纳入承保范围,同时赋予保险人垫付追偿权。第三,严格限制保险合同的变更、解除及终止。对保险人而言,仅当投保人违反如实告知义务或故意制造保险事故时,保险公司可以解除合同;对投保人而言,除非发生注销或被吊销营业执照等事由,否则不得提前终止合同。合同解除的效力不溯及既往,但保险人享有垫付追偿权。
[Abstract]:The strict liability for food safety tort is beneficial to the protection of the rights and interests of the injured third party, but if the liability cannot guarantee the compensation ability of the person responsible for the accident, the strict liability will not achieve the purpose of relief. Therefore, the compulsory liability insurance of food safety becomes the first choice to remedy the defect of tort liability law. "strong food insurance" refers to the legal insurance of the subject matter of the insurance based on the liability of the insured for the losses suffered by the third party in the food safety accident according to law. The aim of the legislation is to provide fast and basic protection to the third party of the accident. In order to achieve this, in addition to compulsory insurance, it is necessary to design a system different from that of general liability insurance in the following areas: first, with regard to the subject of the claim, According to the principle of relativity of contract, the third party of food safety accident is not the main part of the liability insurance contract, and the third party can only claim compensation from the insurer through the insured. Therefore, in order to realize the maximization of the third party's rights and interests, the third party should be granted the right to claim compensation directly from the insurance company. Secondly, in the compensation scope, in order to make the third party get the compensation of maintaining the basic living amount, the system of limitation of the insurer's liability for payment should be strictly regulated. Finally, on the basis of insurance liability, as insurance contract is an important basis for the insurer to assume liability for compensation, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the contract, it is necessary to limit the change of both parties to the contract, remove it, and terminate the compulsory liability insurance contract. Establish a strict system for maintaining the effectiveness of contracts. The above three systems are the core contents of the third party protection mechanism. In order to build a perfect third party protection mechanism, this paper puts forward the following suggestions: first, establish the third party's right of direct claim by legislation, optimize the path of third party's claim, allow the third party to sue the insurer directly to avoid repeated litigation. Secondly, the insurer should be allowed to exclude compensation for property loss, moral damages and punitive damages caused by accidents from compulsory liability coverage, only to meet the normal needs of the third party to maintain a basic life. In addition, in order to protect the interests of the third party, the intentional act of the insured should be included in the scope of insurance, and the insurer should be given the right of recovery in advance. Thirdly, strictly limit the change, rescission and termination of insurance contract. For the insurer, the insurance company may terminate the contract only if the policyholder violates the obligation to inform truthfully or intentionally creates an insurance accident; For policy-holders, the contract may not be terminated in advance unless cancellation or revocation of business license occurs. The rescission of the contract shall not be retroactive, but the insurer shall have the right to advance payment and recovery.
【学位授予单位】：华侨大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.284

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