船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 21:24

本文选题：船舶碰撞　切入点：损害赔偿　出处：《广西师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着我国水上运输业的蓬勃兴起,频繁造成船舶碰撞事故的发生,并且由于钢铁物价上涨等因素的影响,单艘船舶价格越来越高,一旦发生船舶碰撞事故,涉及到的侵权损害赔偿额大大增加,船舶发生碰撞事故后亟需解决的重要问题就是如何快速、准确的判定谁是船舶碰撞损害赔偿的责任主体,这关系着能否及时解决船舶碰撞纠纷和保护受害方利益。国际上,《1910年统一船舶碰撞若干法律规定的国际公约》中规定,“由有过失的船舶承担赔偿责任”,将“有过失的船舶”作为承担船舶碰撞损害赔偿的责任主体。我国《中华人民共和国海商法》照搬了该规定,但是由于我国并无“对物诉讼”的相关规定,在司法实践中,并不承认“对物诉讼”,所以“船舶”并不能成为被告,因此,为解决司法实践中存在的问题,最高人民法院分别于2005年、2008年发布了《第二次全国涉外商事海事审判工作会议纪要》和《最高人民法院关于审理船舶碰撞纠纷案件若干问题的规定》,最终确定由船舶所有人和经登记的光船承租人为船舶碰撞损害赔偿的责任主体。《最高人民法院关于审理船舶碰撞纠纷案件若干问题的规定》的发布,对司法实践起了很大的指导作用,但也在实践引起了很大的争议。因此,本文从侵权责任法入手,紧密结合我国的实情,参照国内外有关船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体的法律法规,就船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体的确定这一问题展开了研究,首先分析了船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体的定义、特征,以及我国现有立法和存在的问题,指出由于“对物诉讼”存在着难以克服的缺陷,应将船舶背后的“人”规定为船舶碰撞损害赔偿的责任主体。其次,本文在对英国、加拿大、瑞典、日本、韩国、德国等国立法进行分析的基础上,吸收各国中先进的立法经验,归纳总结出判断船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体的两大确定原则：替代责任原则和实际管理、控制船舶原则,在判定船舶碰撞中,谁是相应的损害赔偿责任主体时,首先根据替代责任原则,将船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体的范围限定在船舶所有人、船舶经营人、光船承租人、船舶管理人中。随后根据实际管理和控制船舶原则来判断,由对船舶享有实际的占有、管理、控制权的主体来承担船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任。再次,本文在研究得出两大责任确定原则的基础上,分别针对船舶所有人、船舶经营人、光船承租人、船舶管理人进行了具体的论述,指明：船舶所有人仅在实际管理和控制船舶时,且船舶碰撞事故的发生是因船舶不适航、船员过失、沉船三种情况造成时,才成为船舶碰撞损害赔偿的责任主体；船舶委托经营期间,因船舶经营人实际管理和控制船舶中的过失造成船舶碰撞事故发生,那么依据实际管理和控制船舶原则,应当由船舶经营人承担船舶碰撞侵权责任；光船承租人在光船租赁的情况下,光船租赁登记作为一种公示方式,仅赋予光船租赁权一定的物权效力,登记与否于光船承租人能否成为船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体并无关联,而因为在光船租赁期间,光船承租人对船舶具有完全的管理和控制权利,因此其应对在此期间发生的船舶碰撞侵权行为,承担损害赔偿责任,是船舶碰撞侵权的责任主体；在航海实践中,船舶管理人从事的仅仅是船舶资产管理、船员管理以及船舶安全管理等专门技术管理服务,并不享有对船舶的实际占有、管理、控制权,因此,船舶管理人不应成为船舶碰撞侵权的责任主体,不对其提供船舶管理服务的船舶发生碰撞承担损害赔偿责任,而应当由实际管理和控制船舶的船舶所有人等委托人作为船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体承担赔偿责任,仅在船舶管理人对于船舶碰撞侵权行为的发生有过失时,由船舶所有人等委托人对外承担损害赔偿责任之后,对其进行追偿。最后,本文对我国有关的船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体立法提出了几点修改意见,一是建议修改《中华人民共和国海商法》中的规定,将由“有过失的船舶承担赔偿责任”的规定修改为直接规定由人作为船舶碰撞损侵权的责任主体；二是建议修改将船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任限制由船舶所有人、经登记的光船承租人承担的规定,改为规定替代责任原则和实际控制、管理船舶原则,根据实际情况,具体分析判断船舶碰撞损害赔偿的责任主体,删除光船承租人必须经登记才能承担船舶碰撞侵权责任的规定；三是建议明确船舶经营人的定义及在船舶碰撞事故中的责任主体地位；四是建议相关法律法规进一步明确船舶管理人的定义,规定其不承担船舶碰撞侵权责任,不具备船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任主体身份,仅在仅在船舶管理人过失导致船舶碰撞的发生时,由船舶所有人等委托人承担船舶碰撞损害赔偿责任之后,对其进行追偿。
[Abstract]:With the rapid rise of China's water transport industry, frequently caused by ship collision accidents, and the influence of factors such as rising steel prices, single ship price is more and more high, in case of ship collision accident, the amount of compensation for the infringement relates to the greatly increased, an important problem needed to be solved after the ship collision accident that is how fast and accurate to determine who is the main responsibility of compensation for ship collision damage, this relationship can solve the Ship Collision Disputes and the protection of the injured party. Internationally, <1910 unified ship collision provisions of the International Convention on several provisions of the law, "by the negligent liability", "the ship" negligence as the main responsibility of compensation for ship collision damage bear. China Maritime Law > < People's Republic of China copy of the regulations, but because China has no "in rem The relevant provisions, in judicial practice, does not recognize "in rem", so "ship" does not become a defendant, therefore, to solve the problems in the judicial practice, the Supreme People's Court on 2005, 2008 issued < second national foreign-related commercial and maritime trial work conference summary "and" the Supreme People's the provisions on Several Issues concerning the trial of Ship Collision Disputes ", and ultimately determined by the shipowner and the bareboat registration lessee for collision damages liability subject. Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the trial of Ship Collision Disputes", plays an important role in guiding the judicial practice, but also caused a great controversy in practice. Therefore, this article from the tort liability law, combined with the reality of our country, referring to the subject of compensation liability at home and abroad on the ship collision damage law Laws and regulations, on the liability subject of compensation for ship collision determination of the problem studied, firstly analyzes the definition of liability subject of compensation for ship collision characteristics, and China's current legislation and the existing problems, points out that because "in rem" are difficult to overcome the defects, should be behind the ship "" provisions of the compensation liability subject for ship collision damage. Secondly, this paper in the UK, Canada, Sweden, Japan, South Korea, the basis of the analysis of German legislation, absorbs the advanced legislation experience of other countries, summed up the judgment of liability subject of compensation for ship collision of the two principle: the principle of vicarious liability actual management and control of the ship, in principle, to determine the ship collision, who is the subject of compensation, according to the principle of vicarious liability, the collision damage compensation liability Limit the scope of the owner of the ship, the ship operator, bareboat charterers, ship management. Then according to the actual management and control of ship principle, by the actual enjoyment of ship possession, management, control of the main body to bear the responsibility of compensation for ship collision damage. Once again, that this article based on the research of two liability according to the principles, the owner of the ship, the ship operator, bareboat charterers, ship management are discussed in detail, pointed out: the owner of the ship only in the actual management and control of the ship, and the ship collision accidents is caused by unseaworthiness, crew negligence, causing the wreck in three cases, only become the main responsibility of compensation for ship collision damage; during the ship commissioned operation, caused by ship collision accidents due to ship operator actual management and control of the ship fault, then according to the actual management and control The system principle, shall bear tort liability of ship operator of ship collision; bareboat charterers during the bareboat charter case of bareboat charter registration as a means of publicity, only give the bareboat leasehold certain effectiveness of real right, registration or not in the bareboat charterer can become the subject of compensation for ship collision liability is not association, and because during the bareboat charter, bareboat charterer with management and control rights completely to the ship, so the ship during its response to this collision tort, the liability for damages, is the main responsibility for ship collision infringement; in maritime practice, the ship manager is only engaged in ship assets management, crew management and ship safety management expertise management service, do not enjoy on the ship's actual possession, management, control, therefore, the ship manager should not become the collision of ships The main responsibility of tort, not to provide management services for ship collision shall be liable for damages, and the actual management and control by the ship owner of the ship as the principal as the liability subject of compensation for ship collision liability, only in the event of ship management for ship collision tort of negligence, followed by the owner of the ship and other foreign client liable for damages, compensation for it. Finally, this paper on China's relevant subject of compensation for ship collision liability legislation proposed several amendments, one is suggested amending the provisions of People's Republic of China Maritime Law >, to be specified by the "ship fault liability" the modified direct regulations as the ship collision tort responsibility main body by the people; two is proposed to amend the ship collision damage liability limits by ship All the people, by the provisions of bareboat registration bear, to provide alternative liability principle and the actual control, the principle of management of the ship, according to the actual situation, the specific analysis to determine the main responsibility for ship collision damage, delete the provisions of bareboat charterer must be registered to take the ship collision tort liability; three is the proposed definition clear the ship operators and in ship collision accident in the main responsibility of the position; four is recommended to the relevant laws and regulations to further clarify the definition of ship management, provided it does not bear the ship collision tort liability, does not have the identity of the ship collision damage compensation liability subject, only in the cause of collision of ships only negligence in ship management, by the the owner of the ship and the ship collision damage liability for the trustor, to recover it.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.294

【相似文献】