海难救助报酬法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-07 15:26

本文选题：救助报酬　切入点：无效果无报酬原则　出处：《郑州大学》2004年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：海难救助是海商法中特有的制度，其特殊性是其他法律所无法比拟的。创立该制度的目的是为了鼓励人们冒着风险对遇难船舶和货物或人命进行救助，以维护海上航行的安全。考虑到救助人施救时所承担的巨大风险，法律赋予救助人在救助成功后请求救助报酬的特殊权利，用以补偿其船舶和设备的损耗。这一制度的确立，不仅鼓励了人们对遇难船舶、货物或人命的救助，而且也防止了救助人将获救财产占为己有。随着航运和海上活动的迅速发展，海上风险的概念发生了变化，海上财产也日趋复杂化和多样化，因而海难救助的法律制度也随之发生着变化。21世纪的海难救助法将出现新的特点和发展趋势，尽管我国《海商法》第九章是参照最新的救助公约——《1989年国际救助公约》制定的，具有一定的先进性和超前性，但随着《海商法》的实施，在某些方面已暴露出一些不足，在实践中常引起争议。因此，我国应当采取相应的对策以适应这些发展，并对《海商法》第九章中现存的不足之处作出修改和完善。笔者认为，海难救助法律制度的核心是海难救助报酬制度，正是救助人的这种在救助报酬方面的特殊权利构成了海难救助法律制度的基础，海难救助报酬制度的变化决定着整个海难救助制度的发展。而且，在实践中，绝大部分海难救助诉讼案件也往往因海难救助报酬而引起。因此，笔者认为，我们有必要对海难救助报酬的相关法律问题进行探讨，这对推动整个海难救助法律制度的完善和发展是不无益处的。鉴于此，本文将从学术研究的角度出发，结合国内外相关法律法规以及国际公约的规定，剖析目前我国海难救助实践中在救助报酬方面存在的一些矛盾和难点问题，并针对这些问题提出建议和主张，以期对建立和完善我国的海难救助法律制度能有所裨益。全文共分为四个部分：第一部分，海难救助报酬的基本理论问题。海难救助报酬，是指救助人在海上或者与海相通的可航水域对遇险船舶进行救助而取得的报酬。针对长期以来人们对海难救助法律性质的争论，该部分对救助报酬的法律性质进行了探讨，并指出海难救助制度是以衡平和效益为宗旨和基本原则、自成体系的特有的海商法制度，不能完全用民法上的概念来解释其法律性质。海难救助法律性质的认定只能从海事法之特别行为入手，从海事法的范畴和角度去确定。随着海上风险的变化和海上财产的多样化和复杂化，救助报酬这一概念的内涵发生了较大的变化，因此，笔者从救助报酬的含义入手，分析和比较了各有关法律和国际公约对救助报酬的规定，指出了我国《海商法》相关条款中在界定救助报酬含义的方面存在的问题，并对这些问题提出了自己的建议。另外，该部分还就救助报酬法律关系的构成问题的进行了法律分析。第二部分，海难救助报酬的确定原则及其评价。作为救助款项之一的海难救助报酬的确定是海难救助制度最困难和最复杂的事项又极有专业化特点。“无效果，无报酬”原则是海难救助中确立海难救助报酬的基本原则，国际公约和各国海商法均普遍接受该原则，它主宰了国际海难救助业半个多世纪。但是，传统原则的确定性必然带来其局限性。随着海上运输和海难救助不断出现的新情况，“无效果，无报酬”原则逐渐显露出其在环境救助方面的不足。该部分对“无效果，无报酬”原则以及其他确定原则进行了论述，并探讨了如何进行救助报酬评估的问题。第三部分，特别补偿制度问题探析。特别补偿制度是在世界航运市场发展的新形势要求下产生的，它在一定程度上突破了传统的“无效果，无报酬”的救助原则，解决了救助实践活动中原有的一些日渐突出的矛盾和问题。该部分是在第二部分中分析了 “无效果，无报酬”原则缺陷的基础上展开论述的，对特别补偿制度的含义、制定背景及其适用条件进行了全面的论述，并分析了特别补偿制度对共同海损以及海上保险的影响，指出了在海难救助制度发生变化的情况下，我国相关的其他法律制度(如共同海损)也应作出相应的修改和完善。第四部分，救助当事人在救助报酬方面的权利和义务。在确定双方当事人的海难救助关系后，如何实现救助人的报酬请求权是实践中最常遇见，也是最难解决的问题。在实践中，在救助人完成救助作业后，被救助人往往会由于各种各样的原因要求减少或拒付救助报酬，或者不及时接受甚至抛弃获救财产，，这无疑会给救助人带来风险和负担。因此，如何保证救助人的利益，从而鼓励救助作业，维护海上航行的安全便成为了海难救助中关键而又实际的问题。但是，实践中还经常出现由于救助人的过失而给被救助人或其他人造成损害的情况，那么在这种情况下，如何来平衡海难救助双方当事人的利益呢?这就是救助人是否承担损害赔偿责任以及能否享受责任限制的权利的问题。基于以上两个方面，该部分着重论述了救助人在救助报酬方面享有的报酬请求权以及对获救财产的留置权和担保权，并对救助人的过失责任和赔偿责任限制问题提出了自己的看法和建议。
[Abstract]:Salvage is a unique legal system in maritime law, its particularity is compared to other laws. This system purports to encourage people to take risks for the victims of the ship and cargo or life assistance, to maintain the safety of maritime navigation. Considering the huge risk of rescue rescue, special rights the law gives the rescue salvage in the rescue after the success, to compensate for the loss of the ship and equipment. The establishment of this system, not only encourages people to ship the goods or the lives of the victims, rescue, rescue people but also to prevent the salved property for himself.
With the rapid development of shipping and maritime activities, change the concept of risk at sea, maritime property are becoming increasingly complex and diversified, so the legal system of salvage have also undergone salvage changes in.21 century will appear new characteristics and trends of development, as China's "maritime law" the ninth chapter is the reference the latest salvage Convention -- <1989 international rescue convention > formulation, is advanced and advanced, but with the implementation of "maritime law", in some respects has exposed some shortcomings, in practice often controversial. Therefore, our country should take corresponding measures to adapt to the development, and to modify and improve the existing deficiencies of "maritime Law > ninth chapter. The author believes that the legal system is the core of salvage salvage reward system, it is the special right of salvor in terms of salvage reward And constitute the basis of legal system of salvage, salvage reward system change determines the development of the system of salvage at sea. But, in practice, the vast majority of litigations on salvage are due to reward for salvage. Therefore, the author believes that it is necessary for us to relevant legal issues on the salvage reward of this is useful, to improve and promote the development of the legal system of salvage. In view of this, this article from the perspective of academic research, combined with the provisions of relevant laws and regulations of domestic and international law, analyzes some contradictions and problems in our country at present in the salvage salvage practice existed, and put forward suggestions and proposals to solve these problems, with a view to establishing and perfecting the legal system of salvage benefit. This paper is divided into four parts:
The first part discusses the basic theory of salvage reward. Salvage reward, refers to the rescue at sea or other navigable waters to rescue ship in distress and get paid. For a long time people on the legal nature of salvage dispute, the legal nature of the salvage reward is discussed, and pointed out that the salvage system is based on equity and efficiency for the purpose and basic principles, self-contained special maritime law system, not fully used the concept of civil law to explain the legal nature of the identification of the legal nature of salvage only starting from the special behavior of maritime law, to determine from the maritime law and with the angle. Diverse marine risks and sea property and complicated, has changed the connotation of the concept of salvage reward so the salvage reward meaning in points This paper analyzes and compares the provisions of various relevant laws and international conventions on salvage remuneration, points out the existing problems in defining the meaning of salvage remuneration in relevant articles of China's maritime law, and puts forward some suggestions for these problems.
In addition, the part also carries out a legal analysis of the constitution of the legal relationship of the salvage reward.
The second part, the determination principle and evaluation of the salvage reward. As one of the salvage funds, the salvage Report
The determination of the remuneration is the most difficult and most complicated of the salvage system. "No effect and no report."
The principle of "Remuneration" is the basic principle to establish the compensation for salvage of sea trouble in the salvage of the sea, and the international conventions and the maritime law of all countries are common.
Accepting this principle, it dominates the international salvage industry for more than half a century. However, the certainty of the traditional principles is bound to take place.
The principle of "no effect and unremunerated" with the new situation of maritime transportation and salvage
Gradually revealed its lack of environmental assistance. This part of the "no effect, unremunerated" principle and other true
The principle of determination is discussed and the problem of how to assess the reward compensation is discussed.
The third part, the analysis of the special compensation system. The special compensation system is a new form of the development of the world shipping market
In a certain degree, it breaks through the traditional "no effect, unremunerated" assistance principle, and solves the problem.
Some of the increasingly prominent contradictions and problems in the rescue practice. This part is analyzed in the second part.
On the basis of the defects of the principle of "no effect and unremunerated", the meaning of the special compensation system and the setting of the background are formulated.
A comprehensive discussion of its application conditions and the analysis of the special compensation system for general average and marine insurance are also analyzed.
In the case of the change in the salvage system of the sea, the related other legal systems of our country (such as common.
The damage should be revised and perfected accordingly.
The fourth part is to save the rights and obligations of the parties in the payment of assistance.
After the rescue relationship, how to realize the right of requesting the salvor's remuneration is the most often encountered in practice, but also the most difficult problem to be solved.
In practice, the rescuer is often reduced to a variety of reasons after the salvor has completed the salvage operation.
Or refusing to pay the salvage remuneration, or not accepting or even abandoning the saved property in time, will undoubtedly bring risks to the rescuer.
Therefore, how to guarantee the benefit of the rescuer, so as to encourage the salvage operation and safeguard the safety of the sea voyage
It is a key and practical problem for salvage in the sea. However, in practice, the fault of the rescuer often occurs.
In this case, how to balance the salvage and salvage parties in this case
What about the interests of the parties? This is the right of the rescuer to bear the liability for damages and to enjoy the limitation of the liability.
On the basis of the two aspects above, this part focuses on the remuneration of the salvor in the respect of salvage remuneration.
The right of claim and the lien and security of the rescued property, and the liability for negligence and the limitation of the liability of the salvor
The questions put forward their own views and suggestions.

【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D922.294;D996.19

【引证文献】