无船承运人法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-22 23:39

本文选题：无船承运人　切入点：国际货运代理人　出处：《中国政法大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本文拟通过对无船承运人法律制度的深入探讨,揭示无船承运人的产生、发展的历史过程;无船承运人的法律性质和法律地位;无船承运人的权利、义务和责任。论文结合我国无船承运人发展的现状,对完善我国无船承运人法律制度和无船承运业务的进一步发展提出了一些设想和建议。无船承运人是在现代运输方式下诞生的,它是国际货运代理人发展到一定阶段的产物,不是由拥有船舶的船舶经营人分化而来。确立无船承运人法律制度具有较强的法律价值和社会实践价值,它体现了交易安全,有利于维护法律公平,使得合同风险在承运人和货方之间合理分担,从而有利于保护和促进国际海上交通运输业的健康发展。无船承运人由国际货运代理人发展而来,他们之间有着剪不断、理还乱的法律关系。从世界范围来看,无船承运人或者无船承运业务虽然被多数国家所认可,但是在法律上并没有相关的界定,无船承运业务则被认为是国际货运代理业务的一部分。通过对不同法系之间无船承运人和国际货运代理人法律规制的比较分析研究,论文对我国司法实践中如何辨别这二者的身份提出了一些应当考虑的因素。无船承运人具有双重法律地位,无船承运人是承运人,这已经为国际公约和国内法所认可,但是,与拥有和经营船舶的承运人相比,无船承运人具有一定的特殊性,无船承运人与拥有船舶的承运人之间是“特殊和一般的关系”。根据我国《海商法》的规定,无船承运人是《海商法》意义上的托运人,与船舶经营人之间的关系等同于托运人与承运人的责任关系。无船承运人的双重法律地位,决定了其双重权利、义务和责任,如何正确行使权利、履行义务、承担责任,就成为无船承运人所必须面对的问题。无船承运人可以签发提单,这是其与国际货运代理人的一个重要区别。相比海运提单,无船承运人的提单具有一定的特殊性。在实践中,由于无船承运人自身的特点和管理上存在的一些问题,导致无船承运人提单引起的纠纷不断。本文通过分析无船承运人提单的性质、法律效力等,对无船承运人签发的提单进行探讨,并结合案例,对在实践中由无船承运人提单引发的一些纠纷进行了研究。我国开展无船承运业务之后,曾经有一个时期无船承运业务有较快的发展,但是随着时间的推移,无船承运业务面临了很多困难和问题。针对当前我国无船承运业务发展的实际,笔者认为,无船承运业务的全面发展,离不开法律制度的健全和完善,这其中,建立和完善我国的物流立法就是迫在眉睫的事情。此外,我国在对无船承运人的准入条件的规定中,80万元的保证金自始自终都是一个争议很大的问题。如何通过责任保险制度替代保证金制度,一直以来都是业内人士普遍关注的一个问题。从国际上看,责任保险制度的建立和完善也是历史发展的必然趋势。关键是如何确立责任保险的性质、范围、承保险种等问题,文章对责任保险制度的基本理论问题,以及我国责任保险制度的困境和出路予以分析和探讨。从国际上看,只有我国、美国等少数国家确立了无船承运人法律制度,该制度究竟是否必要,在实践中争议很大。本人通过对中美模式和菲亚塔模式的比较分析,认为无船承运人制度还是适应我国国情的,关键是在未来如何更好的完善它。根据我国无船承运人制度发展的实际情况,对未来无船承运业务的进一步发展所必须解决的几个问题予以阐述。本文拟通过案例分析法、比较分析法、历史分析法等方法对无船承运人法律制度展开研究,试图对无船承运人法律制度有一个正确、综合的评价。联合国国际贸易法委员会制定的《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》引入了“海运履约方”的概念,并不要求承运人一定是有船的承运人,从而在法律上承认了无船承运人的存在,肯定了无船承运人的法律地位。从这个角度而言,我国《国际海运条例》将无船承运人从国际货运代理人中区分出来,赋予其独立的法律地位,确立其行为规范和法律责任,这符合国际立法趋势,是有进步意义的。虽然当前我国无船承运业务在发展时面临了一些困难和问题,但是笔者认为,只要能立足现实,正视困难和问题,不断完善法律制度,加强对无船承运人的监管,无船承运业务一定可以在我国有更加迅猛的发展。
[Abstract]:This article through the in-depth study on the legal system of NVOCC, NVOCC has revealed, the historical process of the development; the legal nature and legal status of NVOCC; NVOCC, rights, obligations and responsibilities. In this thesis the development of NVOCC in China, some ideas and suggestions to improve our the NVOCC and the legal system of NVOCC further development are put forward.
NVOCC is born in the modern mode of transport, it is the international freight agent development to a certain stage of the product, not by the operator of the ship ship owned and differentiation. To establish the legal system of NVOCC has strong legal value and social value in practice, which reflects the security of transactions, is conducive to safeguarding the legal fairness, the the reasonable risk sharing contract between the carrier and the owner of the goods, which is conducive to the healthy development of the protection and promotion of international maritime transportation. NVOCC by international freight agent development, they have a cut constantly tangled legal relationship. From the view of the world, NVOCC or NVOCC although recognized by most countries, but the law does not related to the definition of NVOCC is considered to be part of an international freight forwarding business based on. A comparative analysis of the legal regulation between NVOCC and international freight forwarders between different legal systems is made. The paper puts forward some factors to be considered for distinguishing the two identities in China's judicial practice.
NVOCC has a dual legal status of NVOCC is a carrier, which has been recognized by international conventions and domestic laws, but compared with the ship owned and operated by the carrier, NVOCC has some particularity, between NVOCC and ship owned carrier is of special and general relations. "According to the provisions of China's" maritime law >, NVOCC is < Maritime Law > sense of the shipper, and the relationship between the ship operator is equivalent to the shipper and the responsibility of the carrier. The dual legal status of NVOCC, determines its dual rights, obligations and responsibilities, how to correctly perform the exercise of the rights obligation, responsibility, NVOCC becomes a problem that must be faced.
NVOCC can issue a bill of lading, this is an important difference with the international freight agent. Compared with the bill of lading, NVOCC bill of lading has a certain particularity. In practice, some of the problems due to its characteristics and management of NVOCC on the resulting NVOCC bill of lading caused by disputes. In this paper, through the analysis of the nature of NVOCC bill of lading, legal effect, carries on the discussion to the NVOCC bill of lading, combined with the cases of disputes caused by NVOCC bill of lading in practice were studied.
After China carried out the business of NVOCC, there was a time when the NVOCC business has developed quickly, but with the passage of time, the business of NVOCC is facing many difficulties and problems. In practice, the current China's NVOCC business development the author believes that the overall development of NVOCC, from on the legal system of sound and perfect, the establishment and improvement of China's Logistics legislation is imminent thing. In addition, our country in the NVOCC access conditions stipulated in the 800 thousand yuan deposit all along is a controversial problem. How to through the liability insurance system to replace the deposit system has always been an issue of common concern in the industry. From the international perspective, establishing and perfecting the system of liability insurance is the inevitable trend of the development of history. The key is how to establish the liability insurance. Quality, scope, insurance and other issues. The article analyzes and discusses the basic theoretical issues of liability insurance system and the dilemma and outlet of liability insurance system in China.
From the international perspective, only China, the United States and a few countries established the NVOCC legal system, the system is necessary, a lot of controversy in practice. I through comparative analysis of the mode and the mode of Sino US Fialta, that NVOCC is adapt to the situation of our country, the key is how to better in the future perfect it. According to the actual situation of China's development of a ship without carrier system, expounds some problems to the further development of the future of NVOCC to solve.
This article through case analysis, comparative analysis, historical analysis and other methods in the research on the legal system of NVOCC, NVOCC, the legal system to have a correct and comprehensive evaluation. The formulation of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law "the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the whole or part of the international carriage of goods by sea. The" maritime performing party "concept, does not require the carrier must be admitted to the ship carrier, NVOCC exists in the law, affirmation of the legal status of NVOCC. From this perspective, China's International Shipping Regulations > > NVOCC is separated from the international freight forwarders. To give its independent legal status, establish codes of conduct and legal responsibilities, which conforms to the trend of international legislation, there is a sense of progress. Although China's NVOCC business development in the face Some difficulties and problems, but I believe that as long as we can face the difficulties and problems based on reality, constantly improve the legal system and strengthen the supervision of NVOCC, the NVOCC business will develop rapidly in our country.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.294

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