国际海运承运人免责条款研究

发布时间：2018-03-31 04:38

本文选题：国际海运　切入点：承运人的责任　出处：《大连海事大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 由于国际海上货物运输具有其特殊性及风险性,在国际海运业的发展过程中,各种国际海运公约和惯例都赋予了作为国际海运合同方的承运人责任承担制度的特殊性,其最突出的体现就在于各种各样的承运人的免责条款。免责条款是运输合同当事人双方风险一种划分的工具。通常,海上货物运输中免责条款的受益方是承运人。免责条款可以减轻承运人由于海上风险所带来的压力,有利于航运业风险的减小。同时为了保护货方的利益,平衡双方的风险分配,对这些免责条款的解释和适用也作了严格的限制。本文既比较国际公约(包括《运输合同公约草案》)及我国《海商法》对海上货物运输中承运人的免责条款进行研究、分析,并结合案例对海}货物运输免责条款的解释、适用、限制等实践中出现的问题进行总结和探讨。第1章结合三大国际公约、《运输合同公约草案》及我国《海商法》,对国际海上运输中承运人的若干免责条款予以归类为:因过失免责而免责(包括航行或管理船舶过失免责,火灾免责);因天灾而免责;因托运人责任而免责;因货物本身性质而免责;其他免责条款。并就如何援引适用等实践中出现的问题分别从不同归责原则、举证责任、法律责任等方面对其进行分析。第2章为国际海运承运人免责条款的解释问题。本章阐述免责条款解释的必要性,免责条款解释的主要原则。结合英国判例分别对作为解释原则的相反解释原则、疏忽条款的解释原则、根本违约解释原则进行分析。免责条款依照这些解释原则进行解释才能更有司法实践意义,有助于实现公平、正义和效率。第3章论述了海运承运人援引免责条款的限制,各国际公约和我国《海商法》都做出了一些“禁止免责约款之规定”。承运人只有在履行“禁止免责约款之规定”的最低强制责任的前提下,才能成功地援引免责条款。因此,本章对适航义务、适货义务、不得不合理绕航这几种禁止承运人援引免责条款的限制着重进行了论述。这有助于承运人了解这些事件,以便在实践中采取一切措施防止这些事件的发生,使承运人成功地援引免责条款,从而也可以避免免责条款权利之滥用。国际海上货物运输中的免责条款对合同当事双方都有极其重要的意义,尤其是承运人更是应对这方面进行深入了解。我国致力于成为国际海运大国,各承运人在国际海运舞台上,必须充分利用法律武器,合理有效地保护自己的免责权利。这样将大大有助于降低海运风险成本,提高企业的竞争力,从而有利于我国航运事业的蓬勃发展。
[Abstract]:Due to the particularity and risk of international carriage of goods by sea, in the development of international maritime transport industry, various international maritime transport conventions and practices have given the particularity of the carrier's liability system as the parties to the international maritime transport contract.Its most outstanding embodiment lies in the various carrier's exemption clauses.Exemption clause is a kind of tool to divide the risk of both parties in the contract of carriage.Usually, the carrier is the beneficiary of the exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea.The exemption clause can reduce the pressure of the carrier because of the risk at sea, and is beneficial to the reduction of the risk of the shipping industry.In order to protect the interests of the parties and balance the risk distribution between the two parties, the interpretation and application of these exemption clauses are strictly restricted.This article not only compares the international convention (including the draft Convention on contracts of carriage) with the maritime law of China to study the carrier's exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea, and analyzes the interpretation of the exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea, combining with a case study, which is applicable to the interpretation of the exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea.The problems in practice such as restriction are summarized and discussed.Chapter 1 combines the three major international conventions, the draft Convention on contracts of carriage and the Maritime Law of China, classifies several exemption clauses of the carrier in international maritime transport as follows: exemption from liability for fault (including liability for navigation or for the management of a ship).Fire exemption; exemption for natural disasters; exemption for shipper's liability; exemption for the nature of the goods; other exemptions.The problems in practice such as how to invoke and apply are analyzed from different principles of imputation, burden of proof, legal liability and so on.Chapter 2 is the interpretation of the exemption clause of international sea carrier.This chapter describes the necessity of interpretation of exemption clauses, the main principles of interpretation of exemption clauses.Combined with the British jurisprudence, this paper analyzes the opposite interpretation principle, the negligence clause interpretation principle and the fundamental breach of contract interpretation principle.Only when the exemption clause is interpreted according to these interpretation principles, can it have more practical significance in judicial practice and help to realize fairness, justice and efficiency.Chapter 3 discusses the limitation of the exemption clause invoked by sea carrier. The international conventions and China's Maritime Law have made some provisions on the prohibition of exemption clause.The carrier can successfully invoke the exemption clause only if he performs the minimum compulsory liability under the prohibition clause.Therefore, this chapter focuses on the limitation of airworthiness obligation, cargo obligation, reasonable deviation, which forbids the carrier to invoke exemption clauses.This helps the carrier to understand these events in order to take all measures in practice to prevent the occurrence of these incidents, so that the carrier can successfully invoke the exemption clause, and thus avoid abuse of the right of exemption clause.The exemption clause in the international carriage of goods by sea is of great significance to both parties to the contract, especially the carrier.China is committed to becoming an international maritime power. In the stage of international shipping, carriers must make full use of legal weapons and protect their exemption rights reasonably and effectively.This will greatly help to reduce the cost of shipping risks, improve the competitiveness of enterprises, thus conducive to the vigorous development of China's shipping industry.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D996.19

【引证文献】