船舶扣押法律制度有关问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-04 23:32

本文选题：海事请求保全　切入点：对物诉讼　出处：《上海海运学院》2001年硕士论文

【摘要】： 船舶扣押制度(Arrest of Ship)是解决海事争议的重要程序，也是各国法院行使管辖权的基础，一直都得到了国内外航运界、法律界的普遍重视。同其他法律一样，对于海商法来说，权利若没有有效的程序保证其实现，等于没有权利。西方国家向来就注意到了船舶具有流动性的特点以及该特点所可能造成的债权人不能实现海事请求的危险性。所以他们积极地发展了一套适合于海事司法和国际航运要求的判决前保全海事请求的程序。但这一特殊的海事司法制度在我国从起源到发展，只经历了一段并不太长的历史。1986年扣船规定的颁布实施，是我国扣船制度形成的重要标志。1991年《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》增加了诉前财产保全的规定，对诉前扣船制度的最终确立具有重要意义。此后，最高人民法院1994年制定的“94年扣船规定”作为司法解释对诉前扣押船舶做出了具体规范。1999年12月25日，全国人大常委会通过了《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》(以下简称特别程序法)，使我国的船舶扣押制度从《民诉法》的财产保全制度中凸现出来，海事诉讼的特殊性继《海商法》之后再次得到彰显。本文从世界各国及不同法系下对船舶扣押基本性质的不同理解出发，力图探寻具体的船舶扣押法律规定的理论根源，并由此对中国海事诉讼程序法中有关船舶扣押及相关海事担保的一般规定，，及船舶扣押实践中我国国有船东面临的风险做出一定的分析，提出问题并就此进行阐述。本文共分四章。第一章中笔者就不同法系下及我国法律对船舶扣押制度性质的不同理解进行了阐述和分析，试图对物诉讼和海事请求保全作出一定的比较，并阐明了我国海事诉讼法下船舶扣押的法律性质，中国坚持法律关系中的主体必须是人(自然人、法人)的原则，因此中国法学界一直将扣押船舶规范列为财产保全制度范畴。第二章着眼于我国海事诉讼法有关船舶扣押的具体规定。海事诉讼法参照“1999年扣船公约”的规定采用的是封闭式的定义方式，其具体的海事请求项目也基本上与“ 1999年扣船公约”的规定一致。可扣押船舶的范围是船舶扣押的核心内容。扣押船舶的范围包括对当事船的扣押和对姐妹船的扣押。重复扣船是指基于同一海事请求两次或两次以上扣押同一船舶，或者被申请人所有或光租的其他船舶。“活扣押”，即采取限制船舶所有权或者法律规定的其他方式，限制了船舶所有人对船舶的处分权以及获得保险赔偿的权利，但是保留了占有权或使用权，船舶所有人可以在船舶被扣押期间继续使用船舶。第三章中笔者就海事诉讼法中其他相关海事担保的一般规定进行了一定的阐述和分析。海事诉讼法以“最高院94卖船规定”为基础对拍卖船舶的条件做了较为严格的规定，还参照拍卖法的规定，对拍卖船舶的程序作了具体规定，体现了拍卖船舶的公厂、公正，并使之规范化。海事诉讼法第一次以立法的形式对船载货物的扣押和拍卖作了专门规定。海事诉讼法在总结海事法院的审判经验的基础上，借鉴了英联邦国家的“玛瑞瓦禁令”制度和大陆法系国家的假处分制度，设立了类似于行为保全性质的海事强制令制度。海事证据保全制度参照了英国的先进制度，较民事诉讼法有很大的突破。海事担保包括海事请求保全、海事强制令、海事证据担保等程序中所涉及的担保。第四章中笔者鉴于当前南非等国家的有关法律规定在实践中造成了我国国有船舶被扣押风险的加大，拟通过对南非法律及实践中有关船舶扣押方面的有关规定及发展，力图找出其根基之所在，并试图并就船东如何规避南非的特有扣船风险提出自己的意见，以期希望引起各位业界同仁和前辈对此问题的关注，椎动有关方面进行积极的努力，减少这种对于国有船舶的不合理扣押。
[Abstract]:The system of arrest of ships (Arrest of Ship) is an important procedure to resolve maritime disputes, jurisdiction and the courts, has obtained the domestic shipping, pay more attention to the legal profession. As with other legal rights to maritime law, if there is no effective procedure to ensure the equal, no right. The risk characteristics of the western countries came to the attention of the ship is liquidity and may cause the characteristics of the creditors cannot achieve a maritime claim. So they actively develop a set of suitable for the maritime jurisdiction and international shipping requirements before the judgment of the preservation of maritime claims procedures.
But this special maritime legal system in our country from the origin to the development, only experienced a period not too long history.1986 arrest of ship regulations promulgated, China is an important symbol of the formation of the system of arrest of ships in.1991 < People's Republic of China civil law > increased property preservation before litigation provisions, with the significance of the final establishment of pretrial arrest of ship system. Since then, the Supreme People's court in 1994 to develop the "94 years of ship arrest rules" as judicial interpretation made specific norms.1999 December 25th on pretrial detention of ships, the NPC Standing Committee passed the "special program of People's Republic of China maritime procedure law > (hereinafter referred to as the special procedure law). The arrest of ships in China emerged from the" Civil Procedure Law "system of property preservation system in special maritime procedure the following maritime law > < after highlighting once again.
In this paper, different understanding from the world and the arrest of ship under different legal systems the basic properties of the root theory tries to explore specific legal provisions of the arrest of ships, and thus the general provisions of the ship China Maritime Procedure Law in detention and relevant maritime security, and ship seizure risk in our state-owned Shipowners face in practice to make certain the analysis, put forward the question and elaborate.
This article is divided into four chapters.
In the first chapter, the author under different laws and China's laws on arrest of ships of different understanding of the nature of the system are described and analyzed, trying to make a comparison of the litigation and the preservation of maritime claims, and to clarify the legal nature of ship of China's Maritime Procedure Law under arrest, China adhere to the subject in legal relation should be people (natural person, legal person) principle, therefore Chinese law circles will be listed as a category of the arrest of the ship specification property preservation system.
The second chapter focuses on the specific provisions of China's maritime procedure law relating to ship seizure. The Maritime Procedure Law refers to the "closed 1999 Convention", which adopts the closed form of definition, and the specific maritime claim items are basically.
It is in accordance with the provisions of the 1999 Convention on buckle. The scope of the seizure of the ship is the core of the seizure of the ship.
The scope of the ship is included in the seizure of the ship and the seizure of the sister ship. The repeated buckle ship is based on the same maritime affair.
Request two times or two times more than the same ship seized by the applicant, or all other ships or light rent. "Slipknot
"Detain", that is, to restrict the ownership of the ship or other means of the law, which restricts the owner of the ship to the ship.
The right to sanction and the right to obtain insurance, but the possession or right of use is retained and the owner of the ship may be
The ship will continue to use the ship during the seizure.
In the third chapter, the author expounds the general provisions of other related maritime guarantees in maritime litigation law.
The maritime law is based on the conditions of the auction of ships on the basis of "the regulations of the 94 selling ships of the highest academy".
According to the strict regulations and the provisions of the auction law, the procedure of the auction of the ship is specified, which embodies the auction.
The public factory of a ship is fair and standardized. The law of Maritime Procedure for the first time is in the form of legislation.
Special provisions are made in detention and auction. On the basis of summing up the trial experience of the maritime court, the maritime litigation law is used for reference.
The Commonwealth "Mareva Injunction" system and the civil law countries disposition system, set up similar to
The system of maritime injunction for the nature of behavior preservation. The system of maritime evidence preservation refers to the advanced system of the United Kingdom and more people than the people.
There are great breakthroughs in procedural law. Maritime security includes maritime claim preservation, maritime injunction, maritime evidence
Guarantee involved in the procedure of insurance.
In the fourth chapter, in view of the relevant laws and regulations of the countries of South Africa and other countries, the state ship of China has been created in practice.
The increase in the risk of the ship's seizure is intended to pass the relevant provisions relating to the seizure of ships in the law and practice of South Africa.
Development, trying to find out its foundation, and trying to put forward the risk of how the shipowner evade South Africa's unique risk of buckle.
My own opinion, in order to hope to arouse the attention of colleagues and predecessors in the industry, and the related aspects of vertebral movement.
Make positive efforts to reduce the irrational seizure of state owned ships.

【学位授予单位】：上海海运学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：D996.19

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