海上保险委付制度探析

发布时间：2018-04-05 20:04

本文选题：委付制度　切入点：委付通知　出处：《山东大学》2005年硕士论文

【摘要】：委付制度作为一项古老的法律制度,在海上保险领域为保护被保险人的特殊需要,鼓励和保护海上运输及促进贸易发挥了重要的作用。各国法律中均对委付制度作出了规定,然而各国规定并不相同,在平衡保险人与被保险人之间利益时侧重点不同,体现了不同国家的不同保险政策。而学者对委付制度的认识也多有不同,使该制度在实践中的应用出现混乱。我国《海商法》中有关委付的规定仍存在许多不足之处,而我国司法实践也不乏由于对委付制度的理论缺乏深刻理解从而对我国立法下的委付做出错误解释的现象存在,因此导致委付制度在我国难以充分发挥作用。而我国是一个海运大国,通过完善委付制度,正确理解委付制度,以对航运事业进行必要的鼓励,并对保险人与被保险人的利益给予适当的平衡,对航运业的发展和繁荣贸易,稳定保险关系都是至关重要的。本文通过对委付制度主要学说及几个典型国家对委付制度的法律规定进行比较分析,就委付制度基本理论,包括委付概念、委付的生效要件、委付的法律效力等进行研究探讨,旨在澄清对委付制度的混乱见解,并提出自己的观点:首先,学者各自所表述的“委付”一词的外延不同,从而导致与此相关的关于委付的适用范围等问题的争论。本文认为,学者所表述的英美法上的“委付”更类似于“物上代位”,与大陆法系所称的“委付”各有不同的存在基础,因此,在探讨两个法系下委付制度的异同时,首先应明确所使用的“委付”具有相同的外延; 其次,在本文的重点部分即关于委付的生效要件的探讨中,笔者提出保险人的接受无论从理论上而言,还是从各国实际立法看,都不是委付成立生效的要件;对各国关于委付原因的立法方式的利弊进行评析,指出委付原因的规定方式应与一国所采用的司法方式相一致,指出我国采用的“概括主义”立法方式与我国的司法传统不相符。第三,在委付的法律效力一章中,笔者提出,委付的直接效力是保险金额的支付而非保险标的权利的转移:并指出在为防止使保险人自动取得权利而必须承担相应责任的不公平现象,英美法中的“有权接管”的立法方式并不是最佳选择,可能导致实践中更多的混乱;而提议可借鉴德国立法中要求被保险人提供“担保”的方式以最大限度维护保险人利益。
[Abstract]:As an ancient legal system, the abandonment system plays an important role in the field of marine insurance to protect the special needs of the insured, to encourage and protect maritime transport and to promote trade.The law of each country has made the stipulation to the abandonment system, but the stipulation of each country is not the same, when balancing the interests between the insurer and the insured, the emphasis is different, which reflects the different insurance policy of different countries.However, scholars have different views on the system of abandonment, which makes the application of the system in practice confused.There are still many inadequacies in the relevant provisions of Maritime Law of our country, and the judicial practice of our country is also due to the lack of a deep understanding of the theory of the abandonment system and the phenomenon of making a wrong interpretation of the abandonment under the legislation of our country.As a result, the abandonment system is difficult to play a full role in our country.China is a large maritime country. By perfecting the abandonment system and correctly understanding the abandonment system, we can give the necessary encouragement to the shipping industry, and give an appropriate balance to the interests of the insurer and the insured, so as to promote the development of the shipping industry and the prosperity of the trade.Stable insurance relationships are essential.Based on the comparative analysis of the main theories of the abandonment system and the legal provisions of the abandonment system in several typical countries, this paper studies the basic theory of the abandonment system, including the concept of abandonment, the effective elements of the abandonment, the legal effect of the abandonment, etc.The purpose of this paper is to clarify the confusion of the abandonment system and put forward its own viewpoint: firstly, the extension of the term "surrender" as expressed by the scholars is different, which leads to the controversy about the scope of application of the abandonment.This paper holds that the "abandonment" in Anglo-American law expressed by scholars is more similar to the "subrogation in rem" and has different existing bases from that of the continental law system. Therefore, in discussing the similarities and differences of the abandonment system under the two legal systems,First of all, it should be clear that the "abandonment" used has the same extension;Secondly, in the key part of this paper, the author puts forward that the acceptance of the insurer is not the requirement of the validity of the abandonment, either theoretically or from the point of view of the actual legislation of various countries.Assessing the advantages and disadvantages of national legislation on the reasons for abandonment, and noting that the reasons for abandonment should be regulated in a manner consistent with the judicial approach adopted by a State,The author points out that the "generalism" legislation adopted in our country does not accord with the judicial tradition of our country.Third, in the chapter on the legal effect of abandonment, the author proposes,The direct effect of the abandonment is the payment of the insured amount and not the transfer of the rights on the subject matter of the insurance: it is pointed out that it is unfair that the insurer must bear the corresponding liability in order to prevent the automatic acquisition of rights by the insurer,The legislative form of "right to take over" in Anglo-American law is not the best choice and may lead to more confusion in practice; however, it is suggested that the method of requiring the insured to provide "security" in German legislation can be used to protect the interests of the insurer to the maximum extent.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：D912.28;D912.29

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