海难救助中人命救助问题的研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 07:47

本文选题：海难救助 + 海上人命救助　；参考：《大连海事大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 海难救助是海商法中独有的制度,其特殊性是其他法律所不能比及的。为了鼓励人们冒险对遇难船舶、货物、环境或人命进行救助而创立该制度,以维护海上航行的安全。考虑到救助人施救时所承担的巨大风险,法律赋予救助人在救助成功后有请求救助报酬的特殊权利,用以补偿其船舶和设备的损耗。设立人命救助制度是保障海上人命安全的根本措施,其中最主要的就是要充分调动起船舶等海上活动主体之间互救的积极性。本文首先从海上人命救助制度的历史脚步出发,从时间历程上探讨海上人命救助制度每一次大变革的历史背景和决定因素,重点研究与人命救助制度相似的特别补偿制度的孕育、产生和最终确立的过程,从中得出推动救助制度发展和完善的决定性因素是海上人命救助实践的发展的结论。接着,通过剖析现行海上人命救助实践中所体现的问题,推论出海上人命救助制度的改革是海上救助实践发展的历史要求和必然结果,并认为人命救助制度脱离立法本意的原因是其落后的激励机制。改革人命救助制度的关键是完善人命救助的激励机制,而最根本的措施就是要赋予人命救助人以酬金请求权。本文研究了目前学术界在人命救助酬金请求权领域的不同学说,并通过比较分析,认为人命救助酬金请求权的绝对肯定说更能适应人命救助的实践需要,同时也是解决人命救助酬金请求权问题的最佳途径。文章比较分析了各国在人命救助酬金设置问题上采用的不同方式和产生的现实效果,其中以英国为代表的少数国家采用的赋予人命救助人以独立的酬金请求权的做法,有很正确的指导性,这也证明了人命救助酬金请求权绝对肯定说的可行性和必然性。英国等国家的制度设置很值得我们参考分析。考虑到我国的实际情况,在确定海上人命救助酬金请求权的过程中仍然有众多的现实问题需要解决,这些问题主要是酬金支付主体的确定、酬金具体数额的确定以及实现酬金制所必需的一系列制度保障。本文就上述问题一一作了探讨。
[Abstract]:Salvage at sea is a unique system in maritime law, and its particularity can not be compared with other laws. The system was created to encourage people to take the risk of rescuing ships, cargo, environment or lives in distress to maintain the safety of navigation at sea. In view of the great risk that the rescuer takes when rescuing, the law gives the salvor the special right to ask for the reward of salvage after the rescue is successful, which is used to compensate for the loss of the ship and equipment. The establishment of life rescue system is the fundamental measure to ensure the safety of life at sea, the most important of which is to fully mobilize the initiative of mutual rescue among the main bodies of maritime activities, such as ships. This paper begins with the historical steps of SOLAS, and discusses the historical background and determinants of each major change in SOLAS from the perspective of time course. This paper focuses on the gestation, generation and final establishment of special compensation system similar to the salvage system of human life, and draws the conclusion that the decisive factor to promote the development and perfection of the salvage system is the development of practice of salvage of life at sea. Then, by analyzing the problems embodied in the current practice of salvage of life at sea, it is inferred that the reform of the system of salvage of life at sea is the historical requirement and inevitable result of the development of practice of salvage at sea. The reason why the life-saving system deviates from the original legislative intent is its backward incentive mechanism. The key to reform the life-saving system is to perfect the incentive mechanism of life-saving, and the most fundamental measure is to endow the life rescuer with the right to claim remuneration. This paper has studied the different theories in the field of claim right of life rescue gratuity in academic circles at present, and through comparative analysis, it is concluded that the absolute affirmation of claim right of life rescue gratuity is more suitable for the practical needs of human life rescue. At the same time, it is the best way to solve the problem of the right of claim. This paper compares and analyzes the different ways and the practical effects of various countries in setting up the salvage gratuity for human life. Among them, a few countries, represented by Britain, adopt the method of giving the life rescuers the right to claim an independent gratuity. It also proves the feasibility and inevitability of absolute affirmation. The system of Britain and other countries is worthy of our reference and analysis. Taking into account the actual situation in our country, there are still many practical problems to be solved in the process of determining the right to claim compensation for salvage of life at sea. These problems are mainly the determination of the subject of payment of remuneration. The determination of the specific amount of remuneration and a series of system guarantees necessary to realize the system of remuneration. This paper discusses the above problems one by one.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.294

【相似文献】