海上委付制度之研究

发布时间：2018-05-25 15:18

本文选题：委付 + 法律性质　；参考：《上海海事大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：海上保险委付制度是海上保险法中的一项独特的法律制度。海上保险委付是指保险标的在推定全损的场合视同已全部损失，被保险人放弃保险标的，将保险标的的一切权利和义务转移给保险人而收取全部保险金额的制度。虽然曾有许多学者对委付制度做过研究，但是有条理、有系统地来研究海上保险的委付制度的文章却寥寥可数。本文旨在以委付制度为研究对象，采用比较法为研究手段，阐述各国委付制度的基本内容，并联系我国委付制度立法现状，归纳和总结各国委付制度的性质和我国立法某些不足，以此来提出一些益补的建议。关于海上保险委付的法律性质，目前理论界有四种不同的理解：委付是单方法律行为，委付是双方法律行为，委付是经法院判决生效的法律行为，委付是要约。笔者认为委付行为在海上保险法中属于民商法的范畴，因此海上保险法行为属于民商法上的行为。从民法理论和各国的法律规定来看，，委付行为是典型的单方行为，是指在保险标的物在发生推定全损的情况下，被保险人放弃保险标的的所有权转让给保险人，而向保险人请求赔付保险金额的做法。在中国法律和英国法下委付是要约行为。各国为了自己的航运政策和利益的需要，对于海上保险委付的原因有“推定全损说”、“法定原因说”、“全损说”。海上保险委付的成立条件包括：必须有明确的委付意思表示，委付的内容必须明确、肯定，委付不得附带条件，委付应及于保险标的全部。一般来说委付行为的成立应当具备有明确的委付意思表示，被保险人要想行使委付权，就必须先发送委付通知。一份有效的委付通知，被保险人可以用任何措辞，表示他愿意将保险标的的权益无条件委付给保险人，甚至不需要使用“委付”这个措辞，只要明确地表明自己愿意将保险标的的权益无条件委付保险标的的权益的意图。在构成推定全损后，被保险人具有是否行使索赔推定全损的选择权。被保险人可以向保险人委付保险标的，而索取全损赔偿，也可以选择恢复和修理保险标的，索赔部分损失。我国海商法第255条规定：“发生保险事故后，保险人有权放弃对保险标的权利，全额支付合同约定的保险赔偿，以解除对保险标的的义务。”该法条赋予保险人特殊的提前解约权，即在有些情况下，当保险事故发生后，如果保险人选择了放弃对保险标的的权利，并全额赔偿，使被保险人丧失了选择索赔部分损失的权利。海上委付制度之研究而在大陆法系中，只要存在委付的法律事实，被保险人也为了委付的意思表示，无须保险人同意，即产生法律效力。而在英美法系和我国法律中委付必须得到保险人的同意才能发生法律效力，有效的委付合同才能成立。保险人拒绝接受委付并不影响保险人重新委付的权利，也不影响保险人获得保险标的所有权的权利。委付通知一旦被保险人接受，剩余保险标的上的一切财产权利义务转移给被保险人。委付财产不仅会给保险人带来利益，随之而来的还有义务。与此同时，在保险人接受委付行为的同时，被保险人可以向保险人要求按全部损失赔偿。
[Abstract]:The marine insurance commission system is a unique legal system in the marine insurance law . The marine insurance commission refers to the system where the subject of the insurance has lost all the losses on the basis of the presumption of total loss , the insured waives the subject of the insurance , and transfers all the rights and obligations of the subject matter insured to the insurer .

Although many scholars have done the research on the commission system , there are only a few articles on how to study the commission system of marine insurance systematically . The aim of this paper is to study the basic contents of the payment system by means of comparative law , and to summarize and summarize the nature of the system and some deficiencies in our country ' s legislation , so as to put forward some useful suggestions .

With regard to the legal nature of marine insurance commission , there are four different understandings in the theoretical circle : the commission is a unilateral legal act , and the commission is the legal act of both parties . The commission is an offer of the civil and commercial law . The author thinks that the act of maritime insurance belongs to the civil and commercial law .

For the sake of their own shipping policies and interests , the reasons for the abandonment of the marine insurance commission are " constructive total loss " , " legal reasons " , " total loss " .

The conditions for the establishment of the marine insurance commission include : it is necessary to have a clear standing committee to express that the contents of the commission must be clear and certain , and the commission shall not be allowed to pay the conditions , and the commission shall be paid in full with the subject matter insured .

Generally speaking , the establishment of the commission of the commission shall have clear means of abandonment . If the insured wants to exercise the authority of the commission , it is necessary to send the abandonment notice first . An effective abandonment notice shall indicate that he is willing to pay the insurer unconditionally and unconditionally to the insurer , even without the use of the term " commission " , so long as it clearly shows that he is willing to pay the interests of the subject of the insurance unconditionally to the insurer .

Article 255 of the Chinese Maritime Law provides the insurer with the right to waive the right to the subject of the insurance , and to pay the partial loss of the claim . Article 255 of the maritime law of China states : " After an insurance accident , the insurer shall have the right to waive the right to the subject matter of the insurance , and pay full compensation to the insurer in full , so that the insured loses the right to choose the loss of the claim part .

A Study of the Marine Commission ' s Payment System

In the civil law system , as long as there is the legal fact that the commission pays , the insured also expresses its meaning for the abandonment of the commission ,

Without the consent of the insurer , the legal effect is generated . In the Anglo - American law system and the law of our country , the insurer must obtain the insurer

The insurer ' s refusal to accept the abandonment is not affected by the agreement of the insurer to have the legal effect and the effective commission of the contract .

The right of the insurer to re - appoint the insurer shall not affect the insurer ' s right to obtain the title of the subject matter insured .

All property rights and obligations on the subject matter of the remaining insurance shall be transferred to the insured upon acceptance by the insured

The payment of property will not only bring benefits to the insurer , but also its obligations . At the same time , in the insurer

At the same time , the insured may claim compensation for all losses to the insurer .
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D912.28;D912.29

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