中国合伙制度立法模式论

发布时间：2018-08-18 15:54

【摘要】： 合伙是最古老、也是最基础的联合经营方式。在民商事领域，它仅是一种民事法律行为或者商行为(涉及联合投资、合伙合同)，还是主要成为商人的一种类型(区别于商自然人和商法人的商合伙)，理论和实务上尚存在诸多理解的误区。目前我国合伙的制度构建，主要体现在《民法通则》、《合伙企业法》以及相应的行政法规和司法解释中。实务中并存着按照《合伙企业法》登记成立的合伙企业、按照《民法通则》被认定的个人合伙和合伙型联营。我国法律欠缺对合伙合同的统一制度性建构，我国的《合同法》分则未将合伙合同纳入有名合同进行规范。如何解决目前合伙制度的立法冲突，完善我国的合伙制度，成为越来越无法回避的制度难题，因此本论题的选择具有一定的理论意义和实践意义。本论文的写作拟采用历史方法、比较方法，在占有大量文献资料的基础上，从合伙制度的历史嬗变出发，，结合其他成熟市场经济国家的合伙制度立法模式，重新建构了适应我国社会主义市场经济发展的合伙制度。本论文除引论外，共分为四部分，3万多字。第一部分，对合伙制度的历史来源进行了发掘，笔者认为随着社会关系从血缘关系向地域关系的扩大和发展，财产共有的事实状态，也从单纯的家族关系，向一般财产关系发展，并制度化为一种契约关系。在此基础上，笔者探讨了合伙的第一个制度表达，合伙契约在罗马法上的表现，以及对整个大陆法系国家合伙制度的影响。该部分笔者还对合伙主体化及相应制度发展作了探讨，并对合伙的法律地位及其团体性和主体性进行详细的论证。第二部分，比较了各国合伙制度立法模式，笔者围绕大陆法系和英美法系在法律技术、法律文化上的差异，就大陆法民商分立体制下的合伙制度、大陆法民商合一体制下的合伙制度，以及英美法系传统的合伙制度分别进行了考察。笔者认为，在民商分立体制下，合伙一般分成民事合伙和商事合伙，分别适用民法典和商法典或者有关的商事特别法。在民商合一体制下，合伙被统一规定在民法典中，即将包括隐名合伙在内的所有合伙，均统一规定在其“债编”合伙契约中。而在其商事特别法《公司法》中规定了“无限公司”和“两合公司”，作为主体性补充。而英美法系国家没有民法典，但实务中将合伙分成普通合伙和有限合伙。第三部分，对我国合伙制度立法模式的现状进行了分析，笔者分析认为，我国从1980年制定《经济合同法》以来，直到1999年制定《合同法》，在合同分则部分均未正式规定“合伙合同”，使本应属于与“买卖合同”地位相当的“合伙合同”无名化，这是我国合伙制度存在基础性制度缺失。在合伙组织的规范方面也比较混乱，合伙企业法规定有限责任的法人不能成为合伙人，民法通则规定法人之间可以进行合伙型联营，并可以不承担连带责任。我国的合伙企业立法，体例上采英美法，但具体条款基本比照大陆法无限公司立法。第四部分，在研究了我国民商事立法应坚持民商合—体制的基础上，对我国合伙制度立法模式选择进行大胆的设想，提出我国应以未来民法典的编篡为契机，修改《合同法》，统一规定合伙合同和隐名合伙合同；修改《民法通则》法人成立条件的立法，将出资人的有限责任从法人成立条件中去除；修改《公司法》，增加无限公司立法和两合公司立法，取代我国现行的《合伙企业法》。
[Abstract]:Partnership is the oldest and the most basic form of joint operation. In the field of civil and commercial affairs, it is only a civil legal act or commercial act (involving joint investment, partnership contract), or a type of merchants (different from commercial natural person and commercial legal person's commercial partnership), there are still many misunderstandings in theory and practice. The system construction of partnership in China is mainly embodied in the General Principles of Civil Law, the Law of Partnership Enterprises and the corresponding administrative regulations and judicial interpretations. How to solve the legislative conflicts in the current partnership system and improve the partnership system in China has become an increasingly unavoidable institutional problem. Therefore, the choice of this topic has a certain theoretical and practical significance. On the basis of a large amount of literature, starting from the historical evolution of the partnership system and combining with the legislative model of the partnership system in other mature market economy countries, the historical method and comparative method reconstruct the partnership system to suit the development of the socialist market economy in China.
This paper is divided into four parts and more than 30 thousand words besides the introduction.
The first part explores the historical origin of the partnership system. The author thinks that with the expansion and development of social relations from consanguinity to regional relations, the factual state of property sharing develops from simple family relations to general property relations and institutionalizes it into a contractual relationship. A system expression, the performance of partnership contract in Roman law, and the impact on the partnership system of the whole civil law countries. In this part, the author also discusses the subject of partnership and the development of the corresponding system, and makes a detailed demonstration of the legal status of partnership, its organization and subjectivity.
In the second part, the author compares the legislative modes of partnership system in different countries. Focusing on the differences in legal technology and legal culture between continental law system and Anglo-American law system, the author investigates the partnership system under the three-dimensional civil-commercial system of continental law, the partnership system under the civil-commercial integration system of continental law and the traditional partnership system of Anglo-American law system. In the system of civil and commercial integration, partnership is generally divided into civil partnership and commercial partnership, which are respectively applicable to civil code and commercial code or relevant special commercial law. The "unlimited company" and "joint venture company" are stipulated in the Company Law of its special commercial law as a supplement to the subjectivity, while there is no civil code in common law countries, but partnership is divided into general partnership and limited partnership in practice.
The third part analyzes the current situation of the legislative mode of partnership system in our country. The author thinks that since 1980 when the Economic Contract Law was enacted, until 1999 when the Contract Law was enacted, there is no formal stipulation of "partnership contract" in the contract sub-clauses, so that the "partnership contract" which should be equal to the status of "sale contract" has not been found. Nominalization is the basic lack of partnership system in our country. It is also confused in the norms of partnership organizations. The limited liability legal person in partnership enterprise law can not become a partner, and the general rules of civil law stipulate that the joint venture can be carried out between legal persons without joint and several liability. Anglo American law, but the specific provisions basically compare with the unlimited law of the continental law.
In the fourth part, on the basis of studying that the legislation of civil and commercial affairs in our country should adhere to the system of civil-commercial partnership, the author makes a bold assumption on the choice of legislative mode of partnership system in our country, and puts forward that our country should take the opportunity of compiling and tampering with the future civil code, amend the Contract Law, unify the stipulation of partnership contract and dormant partnership contract, amend the General Principles of Civil Law and the establishment of legal person. Conditional legislation removes the limited liability of the investor from the conditions for the establishment of a legal person, amends the Company Law, adds unlimited company legislation and joint venture legislation, and replaces the current Partnership Enterprise Law in China.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D923;D922.291.91

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