我国海事行政中的海难救助研究

发布时间：2018-09-04 16:57

【摘要】：海难事故是人类海上活动的天敌,它给人类生命财产带来重大威胁和破坏,在一些海难事故中甚至对海洋环境造成了重大污染。随着现代科学技术的发展和应用,人类从事海上活动的风险有所降低,但是海上运输作业的风险依然存在,海难事故仍然时有发生。为了应对海难事故,人类对海难事故的救援进行了不断探索,逐步形成以自愿为基础以“无效果、无报酬”为原则的统海难救助制度。但是,近年来,船舶大型化、专业化、高危化的趋势越发明显,海难事故的发生及影响也在发生变化,人类对美好生活的向往,政府职能从管制型向服务型的调整,都迫切需要海事行政部门等公权力介入到海难救助中。海事行政部门在我国法律上被赋予海上交通安全和船舶防污染监督管理的职责,对海难救助有着组织、协调和参与的职责要求。海事行政部门介入海难救助,对于提高救助的成功率和效率具有不可替代的作用。但是,海事行政中海难救助,由于海事行政部门公法主体的介入,使海难救助的纯私法属性发生改变,主体间的权利义务等法律关系也因此会发生变化。我国现行海难救助行政管理体制和法制的建设,是落后于现行海难救助实践和发展的。一方面,“九龙治水”的海洋管理格局,使海难救助的职责分散于各行政部门,让海事行政部门在海难救助的职责作用发挥受到了很大限制;另一方面,海事行政中的海难救助,除了海事行政部门亲自从事的救助行为,还有具体的如行政强制的行政行为。我国《海商法》仅对具体海难救助行为有明确的义务权利规定,但对海事行政部门等行政机关在海难救助中的行政行为的义务限定基本空白;第三方面是我国法律对海事行政部门救助报酬请求权的确定,由于缺乏具体请求权认定标准、报酬额度确定标准,客观上为海事行政部门在海难救助中过分牟利提供可能。本文从个人所经历的海难救助具体案例出发,试图从公法的角度分析海事行政部门在我国海难救助中的法律关系。本文共五章,第一章主要是通过对传统海难救助制度的简单介绍,阐明传统海难救助的成立要件,以及可能的法律关系,主要是为后续的章节阐述提供比较。第二章重点介绍了海事行政中能够海难救助的必要性、法律依据,通过与传统海难救助的比较,提炼出海事行政中海难救助法律特点。第三章主要是结合传统海难救助制度和行政法的要求,对海事行政中海难救助的权利义务进行分析,提出海事行政中海难救助行为,海事行政部门不仅应该承担传统海难救助义务,同时也应满足行政法的义务要求。第四章重点介绍传统海难救助报酬请求权成立要件,对海事行政中海难救助报酬请求权进行分类分析,提出对海事行政中海难救助报酬请求权成立的要件,并以此提出海事行政中海难救助相关方的报酬请求权的处理建议。第五章结合我国现行海难救助的体制法制存在的问题,提出了构建新型海难救助体系的相关建议。最后对全文进行简单总结,归纳文章的主要观点。
[Abstract]:Maritime accidents are the natural enemies of human activities on the sea, which bring great threat and destruction to human life and property, and even cause serious pollution to the marine environment in some marine accidents. In order to cope with maritime accidents, people have been exploring the rescue of maritime accidents, and gradually formed a unified system of rescue based on the principle of "no effect, no remuneration" on a voluntary basis. The impact is also changing, the human yearning for a better life, the adjustment of government functions from the regulatory type to the service type, all of which urgently need the public powers such as maritime administrative departments to intervene in the maritime rescue. The duty of organization, coordination and participation is required. The intervention of maritime administrative departments in maritime salvage is irreplaceable for improving the success rate and efficiency of salvage. On the one hand, the marine management pattern of "water control in Kowloon" makes the responsibilities of marine salvage scattered among the administrative departments, so that the maritime administrative departments can play their role in marine salvage. On the other hand, in addition to the salvage acts performed by the maritime administrative departments themselves, there are specific administrative acts such as administrative compulsion. The third aspect is the determination of the right of claim for remuneration of salvage by the law of our country. Because of the lack of specific standards for determining the right of claim and the standard for determining the amount of remuneration, it objectively provides the possibility for the maritime administrative department to make excessive profits in salvage. This article consists of five chapters. Chapter one is mainly about the introduction of the traditional maritime salvage system, and clarifies the elements of the establishment of the traditional maritime salvage, as well as the possible legal relationship, mainly for the follow-up chapters. The second chapter mainly introduces the necessity and legal basis of salvage in maritime administration, and extracts the legal characteristics of salvage in maritime administration by comparing with traditional salvage. The third chapter mainly combines the requirements of traditional salvage system and administrative law to carry out the rights and obligations of salvage in maritime administration. The fourth chapter focuses on the establishment of the traditional maritime salvage remuneration claim, classifies and analyzes the maritime salvage remuneration claim in maritime administration, and puts forward the maritime salvage remuneration claim. In the fifth chapter, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to establish a new maritime salvage system according to the existing problems in the system and legal system of maritime salvage in China. The main points of the article.
【学位授予单位】：华南理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.14

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