试论我国海上货物运输承运人责任制度

发布时间：2018-10-05 18:23

【摘要】：现代社会是没有地域限制的社会，贸易的全球化正是体现这一点的有力证明。对于国际贸易的研究就离不开对国际海上货物运输的研究，，它是国际贸易中最重要的环节，而承运人责任制度是国际海上货物运输的核心和基础。现在调整海上货物运输关系的国际公约包括有《海牙规则》、《维斯比规则》、《汉堡规则》，这三个公约产生于不同的航运背景下，代表了不同的价值取向，保护的当事人也有所不同。它们对于承运人的责任期间、责任范围、归责原则与免责都做了不同的规定，这造成了航运立法的混乱。随着航运业、贸易业的发展，它们的很多规定也已不在适应社会的需要。因此，人们急切地需要通过修改现行国际公约以统一运输法以及适应现代社会的发展。于是《鹿特丹规则》出现了，这是航运立法上最年轻的国际公约，它代表了当代社会的发展和需求，它制定了很多新规定，对于它的研究和评价，成了国际海上运输法界的热点。《鹿特丹规则》的新出台也对我国《海商法》的修改提供了新的蓝本。本文着重从四个方面研究承运人责任制度在三大国际公约中的规定，以及《鹿特丹规则》中的最新发展，并结合我国《海商法》中的规定提出修改我国相关规定的意见。本篇论文分成四个章节对上述问题进行了分析。第一部分对承运人与承运人识别进行了研究。首先介绍了承运人的基本问题，然后从三大国际公约施行的时间顺序介绍了承运人在该公约中的发展，接着简单分析了《鹿特丹规则》和我国《海商法》中的相关规定，并从《鹿特丹规则》中的最新规定提出了对我国相关规定修改的启示。最后，从海运实践的角度，分析了承运人与实际承运人的区分。第二部分对承运人的责任范围展开了分析。此部分包括两个方面：第一，承运人的责任期间，介绍了责任期间的基本理论问题以及期间从“钩至钩”到“港到港”再到“门到门”的发展方向，接着分析了我国的有关规定；第二，承运人的责任范围，着重从适航义务和管货义务的角度，以相关国际公约和我国国内法的相关规定为基础进行了探讨。第三部分是关于承运人的责任基础。分别研究了三大国际公约确立的归责原则与相应免责事项的关系，以及当事人应如何举证支持自己的主张，接着研究了《鹿特丹规则》中的最新发展。最后分析了我国采用的归责原则，还有《鹿特丹规则》对修改我国相关规定的启示。第四部分提出了对完善我国海上货物运输承运人责任制度的建议。首先分析了修改我国相关规定之必要性。然后从承运人主体、责任期间、责任范围、归责原则这四个方面分别提出了与之相对应的修改建议。
[Abstract]:The globalization of trade is proof of the fact that modern society is a society without geographical restrictions. The study of international trade is inseparable from the study of international carriage of goods by sea, which is the most important link in international trade, and the carrier liability system is the core and foundation of international carriage of goods by sea. The international conventions regulating the carriage of goods by sea now include the Hague rules, the Visby rules and the Hamburg rules. These three conventions come into being in different shipping backgrounds and represent different value orientations, and the parties to be protected are also different. They have different provisions on the carrier's liability period, scope of liability, imputation principle and exemption, which results in confusion of shipping legislation. With the development of shipping and trade, many of their regulations are no longer adapted to the needs of society. Therefore, people urgently need to amend the existing international conventions in order to unify the transport law and adapt to the development of modern society. So the Rotterdam rules, the youngest international convention in shipping legislation, represented the development and needs of contemporary society, and it made a lot of new regulations, research and evaluation of it. It has become a hot spot in the field of international maritime transport law. The new introduction of Rotterdam rules also provides a new blueprint for the revision of Maritime Law of China. This paper mainly studies the provisions of carrier liability system in three international conventions and the latest development of Rotterdam rules from four aspects, and puts forward some suggestions to amend the relevant provisions of our country in combination with the provisions in Maritime Law of China. This paper divides into four chapters to carry on the analysis to the above question. The first part studies the carrier and carrier identification. This paper first introduces the basic problems of the carrier, then introduces the development of the carrier in the three international conventions from the chronological order of the implementation of the three international conventions, and then briefly analyzes the Rotterdam rules and the relevant provisions of the Maritime Law of China. And from the latest regulations of Rotterdam rules, the enlightenment to the revision of relevant regulations in China is put forward. Finally, from the point of view of shipping practice, the distinction between carrier and actual carrier is analyzed. The second part analyzes the scope of the carrier's responsibility. This part includes two aspects: first, the carrier's period of responsibility, introduces the basic theoretical issues of the period of responsibility and the development direction of the period from "hook to hook" to "port to port" to "door to door". Secondly, the scope of the carrier's liability is discussed based on the relevant international conventions and the relevant provisions of China's domestic law from the point of view of seaworthiness obligations and cargo management obligations. The third part is about the carrier's responsibility basis. This paper studies the relationship between the principle of imputation and the corresponding exemption items established by the three international conventions, and how the parties should prove to support their claims, and then studies the latest development of the Rotterdam rules. Finally, the author analyzes the principle of imputation adopted in our country, and the enlightenment of Rotterdam Rule on the revision of relevant regulations in China. The fourth part puts forward some suggestions on how to perfect the carrier's liability system in China's carriage of goods by sea. First of all, the necessity of amending the relevant regulations of our country is analyzed. Then, the corresponding suggestions are put forward from four aspects: carrier subject, period of liability, scope of liability and principle of liability imputation.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.19;D922.294

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