无单放货法律问题的研究

发布时间：2018-10-08 11:50

【摘要】： 无单放货是指货物到达目的港后，承运人在没有收回正本提单的情况下，将货物实际交付给他人的行为。这其中包括将货物交给自始至终根本不可能取得正本提单的人，也包括将货物交给了正本提单的真正所有人，但在交货的当时还不是正本提单的持有人。无单放货的行为目前在航运界十分普遍，以致在提货人与承运人之间都形成了一种默契，一种潜规则，这种行为在法律上没有得到正式确认，如果发生纠纷，，解决不好就会严重影响国际贸易和国际航运业务的发展。而在理论界我们对无单放货的行为只是一味地指责，将全部责任归咎于承运人，这于情于理都很不合适。因为大部分无单放货行为的发生是因为航运技术的发达，传统纸质单据的流转速度缓慢而造成的，从本质上讲是因为科学技术的发展与法律的滞后性矛盾引起的。因此本文试图从提单的性质入手，探讨无单放货的性质，并对无单放货发生的原因进行分析，进而提出对承运人有利的无单放货的抗辩事由，最后提出解决无单放货的办法。本文的引言对无单放货的概念进行简要解释，引出为何要研究无单放货，研究无单放货有何意义，研究无单放货要达到的目标。第一部分首先分析了提单法律制度的基础，即提单的起源；然后分析了提单的三大功能，尤其是提单的物权凭证功能。对提单的性质笔者认为应界定为集物权与债权于一身的不完全有价证券。第二部分首先分析了产生无单放货的各种原因，然后从提单的性质推理得出无单放货的性质，无单放货应定性为侵权责任和违约责任的竞合，而不是强制性地被定性为违约责任，并且应允许权利人选择对其有利的诉因来提起诉讼。第三部分分析了无单放货的抗辩事由，主要有卸货港、目的港特殊的法律规定，有效保函加提单副本的做法，“禁止反言”理论的应用，提单中免责约定的适用，无单放货的时效抗辩等。尤其对于有效保函加提单副本的做法，笔者认为只要保函具有法定的效力，就应该承认有效保函加提单副本提货的做法，这样可以加速货物的流转，解决货物压船堵港的问题。第四部分提出无单放货相关法律制度的完善途径，笔者认为解决无单放货的根本还在于制度上的设计，在立法上确认提单的物权凭证功能和有效保函加提单副本的做法，并对提单进行分流；实践中还可以采用电子提单、提单电放、海运单等办法来解决无单放货的问题。
[Abstract]:The delivery of goods without documents is the act of delivering the goods to others without recovering the original bill of lading after the goods arrive at the port of destination. This includes the delivery of the goods to a person who has never been able to obtain the original bill of lading, and the delivery of the goods to the true owner of the original bill of lading, but was not the holder of the original bill of lading at the time of delivery. The act of delivering goods without bills is so common in the shipping industry that a tacit understanding and a hidden rule have formed between the carrier and the consignee, which has not been formally confirmed by law, if there is a dispute, The bad solution will seriously affect the development of international trade and international shipping business. However, in the theoretical circle, we only blame the carrier for the undocumented delivery of goods, which is not appropriate for reason. Because of the development of shipping technology and the slow circulation speed of traditional paper documents, the development of science and technology and the lag contradiction between law and technology are the main causes of the behavior. Therefore, this paper attempts to discuss the nature of non-bill of lading from the nature of bill of lading, and to analyze the causes of the occurrence of non-bill of lading, and then put forward the defense reason that is advantageous to the carrier to release goods without bill of lading, and finally put forward the method to solve the problem of delivery without bill of lading. The introduction of this paper gives a brief explanation of the concept of non-bill delivery, and leads to the reasons why we should study the non-bill delivery, the significance of the study, and the objectives to be achieved in the study of non-bill delivery. The first part first analyzes the basis of the legal system of bill of lading, that is, the origin of bill of lading, and then analyzes the three functions of bill of lading, especially the function of proof of title of bill of lading. As to the nature of bill of lading, the author thinks that it should be defined as an incomplete securities which combines the real right and the creditor's right. In the second part, the author first analyzes the reasons for the delivery of goods without bill of lading, and then infer from the nature of bill of lading that the nature of the delivery of goods without bill of lading should be defined as the concurrence of tort liability and breach of contract liability. Instead of mandatory liability for breach of contract, the obligee should be allowed to choose the cause of action to his advantage. The third part analyzes the defenses of the delivery of goods without bill of lading, including the port of discharge, the special legal provisions of the port of destination, the practice of effective guarantee plus a copy of the bill of lading, the application of the "estoppel" theory, and the application of the exemption agreement in the bill of lading. Limitation defenses, etc., on the delivery of goods without a bill of lading. Especially for the practice of valid guarantee and copy of bill of lading, the author thinks that as long as the guarantee has the legal effect, we should recognize the effective guarantee and the copy of bill of lading to collect goods, which can speed up the circulation of goods and solve the problem of blocking the port of cargo pressure ship. In the fourth part, the author puts forward the perfect ways to improve the legal system of the delivery of goods without bill of lading. The author thinks that the fundamental solution to the delivery of goods without bill of lading lies in the design of the system, the legislative confirmation of the function of bill of title of bill of lading and the practice of effective letter of guarantee plus copy of bill of lading. In practice, electronic bill of lading, bill of lading discharge and sea waybill can be used to solve the problem of delivery without bill of lading.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D922.294

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