海商法若干问题的经济分析

发布时间：2018-10-25 07:05

【摘要】：面对一项具体的海商法律制度，大量的海商法学研究往往侧重于对“制度是什么”的探讨，即侧重于对海商法律规则应用性和操作性的研究，强调对实践问题的解决。在研究方法上，大多沿用对法条和概念抽象推理这一传统法学研究方法。不可否认这样的研究角度和方法对海商法学是至关重要的，但为了研究的深入和发展，我们需要拓展研究的视角，引入新的研究方法。作为一种尝试，本文在研究角度的选取上侧重于对一些海商法律制度存在合理性的解读，侧重于对制度效率的分析，主要采用的研究方法是法律的经济分析方法。本文首先对法律的经济分析作了一个概述，介绍了其历史发展、理论基础及基本的概念和假设。然后用此方法对三项具体的海商法律制度中存在的一些问题进行了分析和解读。以博弈论为工具，通过具体模型的建立，，本文论证了在互有过失船舶碰撞中实行平分过失规则和比较过失规则都是有效率的，进而对其效率进行了比较。新制度经济学是一个以制度为研究对象的经济学流派，其研究对象也包括法律制度。本文运用新制度经济学的理论对提单法律制度的两个问题做了分析：一是提单制度对降低交易成本的作用；二是关于航行过失免责的存废问题。从问题相互性角度探讨了航行过失责任的分配标准；从制度变迁路径依赖的角度对航行过失免责规则的长期存在进行了解释；进而分析了废除航行过失免责这一制度变迁的成本和收益。海难救助是海商法的一项独特法律制度。笔者没有对其涉及的一些具体适用问题进行探讨，而主要是利用法律和经济学的有关理论阐释了海商法为什么不把海难救助规定为一项民事法律义务及如何克服外部性，激励人们救助，对海难救助制度设计的合理性进行了解读。本文用法律的经济分析方法尝试性地对海商法律制度的一些问题进行了分析，虽然可能是片面和浅显的，理论的探讨或许与实践有一定的差距，但希望其对我们全面和深入地认识和理解主要是移植而来的海商法律制度有所帮助，对推动我国海商法学研究和实践的发展有所益处。
[Abstract]:In the face of a specific maritime commercial legal system, a large number of studies of maritime law often focus on the "what is the system", that is, the study of the application and operation of maritime commercial legal rules, and the solution of practical problems. In the research method, the traditional method of abstract reasoning of law and concept is adopted. There is no denying that such research angles and methods are very important to the study of maritime law, but in order to deepen and develop the research, we need to expand the perspective of research and introduce new research methods. As an attempt, this paper focuses on the analysis of the rationality of the legal system of some maritime merchants and the analysis of the efficiency of the system from the point of view of research. The main research method is the method of economic analysis of law. This paper first gives an overview of the economic analysis of law, introduces its historical development, theoretical basis, basic concepts and assumptions. Then this method is used to analyze and interpret some problems existing in the three specific maritime merchant legal systems. By using game theory as a tool, through the establishment of concrete model, this paper proves that it is efficient to implement the rule of equal fault and the rule of comparative fault in the collision of ships with fault, and then compares the efficiency of the rule. New institutional economics is a school of economics which studies institution, including legal system. This paper makes an analysis of two problems in the legal system of bill of lading by using the theory of new institutional economics: one is the effect of bill of lading system on reducing transaction cost, the other is the problem of saving and abolishing the exemption from navigational negligence. This paper discusses the allocation standard of navigational fault liability from the angle of problem reciprocity, explains the long-standing existence of navigational fault exemption rules from the point of view of path dependence of institutional change. Then it analyzes the cost and benefit of the institutional change of abrogation of navigational fault exemption. Salvage at sea is a unique legal system of maritime law. The author does not discuss some specific application problems, but mainly explains why maritime salvage is not stipulated as a civil legal obligation and how to overcome externality in maritime law by using the relevant theories of law and economics. Encourage people to rescue, the rescue system design of the rationality of interpretation. This paper tries to analyze some problems in the legal system of maritime merchants by using the method of economic analysis of law. Although it may be one-sided and simple, the discussion of theory may have a certain gap with practice. But I hope it will be helpful to us to fully and deeply understand and understand the legal system of maritime commerce which is mainly transplanted, and will be beneficial to the development of the research and practice of maritime law in our country.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D996.19;D912.29

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