论国际船舶油污制度的演变和构建中国油污法律制度的若干问题

发布时间：2019-01-06 20:13

【摘要】：随着中国成为石油进口大国,船舶油污问题变得突出起来。中国目前没有单独的、完善的油污法律体系,相关的法律规定散见于行政法、民法的规定当中。作为专门调整“海上运输关系和船舶关系”的《中华人民共和国海商法》(下称“《海商法》”)没有有关船舶油污的规定,并且该法第208条还明确将中国参加的国际油污损害民事责任公约所调整的油污责任,排除在适用《海商法》的范围之外。那么中国应构建什么样的油污法律制度?核心法律问题是什么?如何借鉴公约和其他国家的制度来构建我国的船舶油污损害还赔偿法律体系?另外,船舶油污损害的赔偿动辄以千万来计算,那么究竟损害赔偿应包括哪些方面?本文的目的旨在对这些问题进行分析和研究,为回答这些问题提出作者的意见和建议。本文从回顾国际油污损害赔偿制度演变入手,对现今世界上国际油污损害赔偿制度的形成进行了一次梳理。这种制度是以公约及其议定书和美国的《1990年油污法》为代表,通过案例证明是一次次严重的油污事故推动着公约的通过和修订,不仅建立了责任加基金和船方与货方共同分担责任的双层机制,同时也证明这种双层机制是十分必要的。回顾国际油污损害赔偿制度演变的目的是为构建中国的油污损害赔偿机制作注脚,为中国的油污立法提供借鉴。中国已经是1992年《国际油污损害民事责任公约》和《设立油污损害赔偿国际基金公约》的缔约国,但是后者只对香港地区生效。在民事责任方面,我国所特有的认为只有具有涉外因素的法律关系才适用我国加入的国际公约观点和立法,限制了前述公约在我国的适用。另外,我国现阶段沿海和内河运输油轮船队的吨位结构使得油污法律制度不能与公约接轨。因此需要解决的问题为:如何解决适用《国际油污损害民事责任公约》但没有国际油污赔偿基金作保障的问题?沿海和内河船舶油污法律制度如何构建? 本文无意对油污立法进行面面俱到的讨论,而是从责任主体、强制保险和直接诉讼、责任限制、油污基金四个核心方面讨论了理论以及实践当中的分歧,通过比较国际公约和部分国家所采用的制度,分析我国的实际情况,提出了作者自己的观点。作者认为责任主体方面,应恪守“谁污染,谁赔偿”的原则,将漏油船舶所有人作为油
[Abstract]:As China has become a major oil importer, the problem of oil pollution from ships has become prominent. There is no separate and perfect oil pollution law system in China. The relevant laws and regulations are scattered in administrative law and civil law. The Maritime Law of the people's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Maritime Law"), which specifically regulates "maritime transport relations and ship relations", does not contain any provisions relating to oil pollution from ships, And article 208 of the law also explicitly excludes the liability for oil pollution adjusted by the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage to which China is a party, from the application of the Maritime Law. So what kind of oil pollution legal system should China build? What are the core legal issues? How to draw lessons from the convention and the system of other countries to build our country's ship oil pollution damage compensation legal system? In addition, compensation for oil pollution damage from ships is often calculated in tens of millions, so what aspects should be included in the compensation for oil pollution damage? The purpose of this paper is to analyze and study these questions and to put forward the author's opinions and suggestions for answering them. This paper reviews the evolution of the international oil pollution compensation system and makes a review of the formation of the international oil pollution compensation system in the world. This system is represented by the Convention and its protocols and the 1990 Oil pollution Act of the United States, which has been proved by cases to be a serious oil pollution accident that has led to the adoption and amendment of the Convention. Not only the liability fund and the liability sharing mechanism between the ship and the cargo are established, but also the double layer mechanism is proved to be very necessary. The purpose of reviewing the evolution of the international oil pollution compensation system is to make a footnote for the construction of China's oil pollution compensation mechanism and to provide reference for China's oil pollution legislation. China is already a signatory to the 1992 International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage and the Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for compensation for Oil pollution damage, but the latter has only entered into force for Hong Kong. In the aspect of civil liability, our country holds that only the legal relationship involving foreign factors can be applied to the international conventions to which our country is a member, which limits the application of the aforementioned conventions in our country. In addition, the tonnage structure of China's coastal and inland tanker fleet at the present stage makes the oil pollution legal system not in line with the Convention. Therefore, the problem that needs to be solved is: how to solve the problem of the application of the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage without the protection of the International Oil pollution compensation Fund? How to construct the Oil pollution legal system of Coastal and Inland vessels? This paper does not intend to discuss all aspects of oil pollution legislation, but discusses the differences in theory and practice from four core aspects: the subject of liability, compulsory insurance and direct litigation, liability limitation, and oil pollution fund. By comparing the international conventions with the systems adopted by some countries, this paper analyzes the actual situation of our country and puts forward the author's own views. The author holds that the principle of "who pollutes, who compensates" should be adhered to in respect of the subject of responsibility, and the owner of the oil spill ship should be regarded as oil.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：D996.19;D922.294

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