浅析租约中的停租条款

发布时间：2019-05-17 15:21

【摘要】：本文讨论的是租约中的停租条款。在租约下，支付租金是租家的基本义务。租家为保护自己的利益通常都会在租约中定有停租条款，约定在某些情况下，租家可以不付租金。租约不同于提单，当事人具有完全的订约自由，没有强制适用的公约或法律，只要不违背公序良俗，当事人几乎可以任意约定合同内容。然而，实务中租约更多得是在标准范本合同的基础上进行修补达成的。目前市场上应用最多的租约范本仍然是纽约土产格式1946的版本(NYPE46)。虽然此版本推出至今已超过半个世纪，许多条款已不能适应时代的变化，但由于它较好地平衡了船东与租家之间的权利义务关系，在市场上已被广泛接受，而BIMCO起草的另一较著名的合同范本，波尔的姆(BALTIME)，则因过多地偏袒船东，没有被市场所广泛接受。同时由于NYPE46条款较少，简洁实用，市场上从事租船的人对没有条款早已耳熟能详，而且许多条款都有明确的判例，在法律上有较强的稳定性，因此，此格式在今天仍然能够得到广泛使用。虽然实务中签订的租约中的停租条款并非千篇一律，但基本上都是在标准租约范本的停租条款的基础上删减或增加厘定的。因此研究好标准租约范本里的停租条款，特别是市场上使用最多的NYPE46停租条款(对于液货市场则是SHELLTIME)就显得特别重要。目前市场上绝大多数的租约都约定适用英国法，英国法在这一领域无疑占有绝对的统治地位。NYPE46是有美国纽约土产交易所起草的，有一小部分租约，特别是在美国市场和日本市场，亦会选择适用美国法。除了英国法和美国法，租船市场上几乎看不到适用其他国家法律的租约。众所周知，，英国法是判例法国家最突出的代表，因此，了解英国法关于停租条款的规定，就应了解英国法在这一问题上的有关案例。本文将以英国法为基础，结合有关案例，在概括介绍停租条款的法律性质的基础上，以NYPE46第15条停租条款分析为重点，着重分析停租须满足的条件和停租时间的计算，并比较其他标准格式中的停租条款的不同，兼谈停租条款和其他条款的关系，并介绍美国法的不同之处，最后将阐释中国海商法对停租条款的有关规定。希望通过本文的写作，使读者能对停租条款有一全面的认识，并对解决实务中发生的停租争议提供帮助和借鉴。由于作者水平所限，其中定有许多不足和谬误之处，敬请不吝赐教。
[Abstract]:This article discusses the suspension clause in the lease. Under the lease, it is the basic obligation of the tenant to pay the rent. In order to protect their interests, tenants usually have a suspension clause in the lease, which stipulates that in some cases, the tenant may not pay the rent. The lease is different from the bill of lading, the parties have complete freedom of contract, there is no compulsory applicable convention or law, as long as it does not violate the public order and good customs, the parties can almost arbitrarily agree on the content of the contract. In practice, however, leases are more mended on the basis of standard model contracts. At present, the most widely used lease model on the market is still the version of New York Local production format 1946 (NYPE46). Although this version has been launched for more than half a century and many provisions have been unable to adapt to the changes of the times, it has been widely accepted in the market because it has a better balance between the rights and obligations of shipowners and tenants. Another more famous model contract drafted by BIMCO, Portim (BALTIME), was not widely accepted by the market because of its excessive preference for shipowners. At the same time, because the NYPE46 clause is less, concise and practical, people engaged in chartering in the market have long been familiar with the lack of terms, and many provisions have clear cases and strong legal stability. Therefore, This format is still widely used today. Although the suspension terms in the tenancy agreements signed in practice are not the same, they are basically deleted or added on the basis of the suspension terms of the standard model lease. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the suspension clause in the standard lease model, especially the NYPE46 suspension clause, which is the most widely used in the market (SHELLTIME for the liquid goods market). At present, the vast majority of leases in the market agree to apply British law, which undoubtedly occupies an absolute dominant position in this field. NYPE46 is drafted by the New York Local products Exchange of the United States, and there are a small number of leases. In particular, in the United States market and the Japanese market, will also choose to apply American law. With the exception of British law and American law, there are few leases applicable to the laws of other countries in the chartering market. As we all know, English law is the most prominent representative of case law countries. Therefore, to understand the provisions of English law on rent suspension clause, we should understand the relevant cases of English law on this issue. This paper will be based on British law, combined with relevant cases, on the basis of a general introduction of the legal nature of the suspension clause, focusing on the analysis of the suspension clause in Article 15 of NYPE46, focusing on the conditions to be satisfied and the calculation of the suspension time. This paper also compares the differences of suspension clauses in other standard forms, and discusses the relationship between suspension clauses and other clauses, and introduces the differences of American law. Finally, it will explain the relevant provisions of Chinese maritime law on rent suspension clauses. It is hoped that through the writing of this paper, readers can have a comprehensive understanding of the rent suspension clause, and provide help and reference for solving the rent suspension dispute in practice. Due to the limitations of the author's level, there must be many shortcomings and fallacies, please do not hesitate to give advice.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D922.294

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