论合同相对性原则在海上货运合同中的突破

发布时间：2019-05-21 19:58

【摘要】： 合同相对性原则是古典契约理论的基石之一,是近代民法所推崇的“意思自治”原则的集中体现。该原则在大陆法系和英美法系都获得了广泛的承认和尊重,尤其在英美法系被严格遵守。随着社会经济的快速发展,合同相对性原则确立之时的社会经济条件已经发生了翻天覆地的巨大变化。这使得合同相对性原则与现实社会生活之间产生诸多的冲突。这在商事领域表现地尤为明显,海上货物运输作为一种典型的商事活动自然免不了合同相对性原则所带来的困扰。这些“相对性困扰”主要表现在:一、合同第三方(如非托运人的提单持有人等)无法以自己的名义向承运人提起合同之诉;二、合同第三方(承运人的雇佣人、代理人等履行辅助人)无法享有运输合同中约定的免责条款和责任限制等利益。这些问题处理不好会使得法律适用的结果与商业实践脱节,从而严重影响海上货物运输甚至国际贸易的顺利进行。在此背景下,各国法律以及相关国际公约在一定程度上突破了合同相对性原则,试图解决上述困扰。本文对英国法以及相关国际公约突破合同相对性原则从而解决相关困扰的方法作了系统的考察和分析。在此基础上,结合我国《海商法》的相关规定,文章提出了一些对我国《海商法》的不成熟修改意见,以期我国法能更好地解决合同相对性原则给海上货物运输造成的困扰。文章共分为四章。第一章介绍了合同相对性的基本理论;第二章讨论了合同相对性原则给提单法律关系造成的困扰及我国法下的应对之策;第三章分析了合同相对性原则给托运人带来的诸多难题,并在借鉴英国法和相关国际公约的基础上提出了我国《海商法》的一些修改意见;最后一章考察了承运人的履行辅助人无法享有承运人的抗辩与责任限制给海运实践带来的困境,以及英国法与相关国际公约对此问题的解决之道。同时本章还对港口经营人在我国法下的地位作了讨论。
[Abstract]:The principle of relativity of contract is one of the cornerstone of classical contract theory and the concentrated embodiment of the principle of autonomy of will advocated by modern civil law. This principle has been widely recognized and respected in civil law system and common law system, especially in Anglo-American law system. With the rapid development of social economy, great changes have taken place in the social and economic conditions when the principle of relativity of contract was established. This makes the principle of relativity of contract and real social life produce a lot of conflicts. This is especially obvious in the commercial field. As a typical commercial activity, the maritime carriage of goods is bound to be perplexed by the principle of relativity of contract. These "relative troubles" are mainly manifested in: first, the third party to the contract (such as the non-shipper's bill of lading holder, etc.) is unable to file a contract case with the carrier in its own name; Second, the third party to the contract (the carrier's employer, agent, etc.) cannot enjoy the exemption clause and liability limitation agreed upon in the contract of carriage. If these problems are not dealt with well, the results of the application of the law will be out of touch with the commercial practice, which will seriously affect the smooth progress of the carriage of goods by sea and even international trade. In this context, national laws and relevant international conventions have broken through the principle of relativity of contracts to a certain extent, trying to solve the above problems. This paper makes a systematic investigation and analysis on the methods of breaking through the principle of relativity of contract in English law and relevant international conventions in order to solve the related problems. On this basis, combined with the relevant provisions of the Maritime Law of our country, this paper puts forward some immature amendments to the Maritime Law of our country, in order to better solve the problems caused by the principle of relativity of contract to the carriage of goods by sea. The article is divided into four chapters. The first chapter introduces the basic theory of contract relativity, the second chapter discusses the problems caused by the principle of contract relativity to the legal relationship of bill of lading and the countermeasures under the law of our country. The third chapter analyzes many difficult problems brought to shippers by the principle of relativity of contract, and puts forward some suggestions to amend the Maritime Law of our country on the basis of drawing lessons from British law and relevant international conventions. The last chapter examines the difficulties brought to shipping practice by the carrier's performance auxiliaries who are unable to enjoy the carrier's defences and limitation of liability, as well as the solutions to this problem in British law and relevant international conventions. At the same time, this chapter also discusses the status of port operators under the law of our country.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D996

【相似文献】