刑事诉讼中DNA鉴定证据的运用研究

发布时间：2018-02-16 17:34

本文关键词： DNA鉴定证据鉴定意见鉴定人出庭作证专家辅助人　出处：《山东政法学院》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：DNA鉴定技术,法医学又称为法医DNA分型,是产生于20世纪80年代的新型技术,它在犯罪嫌疑人的发现与认定、确定无名尸体的身份、纠正刑事错案中都有着不可替代的重要作用。现实中,DNA鉴定意见的产生依赖于法医的实验操作,凡是人介入的操作都会有一定的漏洞与盲点,如:检材的污染、实验室的污染、法医本身操作的失误等等,这些都会造成鉴定结论的不准确甚至与真实情况大相径庭。此外,法庭对DNA鉴定证据的错误解读也会带来毁灭性的打击。论文从DNA鉴定证据的概念与特点入手,指出DNA鉴定证据错误与法庭对DNA鉴定证据解读错误两个方面的局限性,通过分析借鉴外国经验,提出了完善鉴定人出庭作证制度及构建专家辅助人制度两个建议,并完善了以证据开示制度为代表的司法证明规则,以保证DNA鉴定证据能够发挥其应有的作用,保障公平正义的实现。论文除引言与结语外,分为四部分。第一部分是DNA鉴定概述。首先对于DNA鉴定的概念进行了界定,通过对国内学者的观点进行总结分析,提出了作者对于DNA鉴定概念的观点,并分析了DNA鉴定证据的特征。其次,分析了DNA鉴定的价值。指出了DNA鉴定在保障公平正义与提高司法效率两方面的价值。第二部分是DNA鉴定证据在刑事诉讼中运用的现状。此部分从三个方面进行论述:第一,分析了DNA鉴定证据在域外刑事诉讼中的运用现状,包括美国、德国两个国家DNA鉴定证据的运用现状。第二,是DNA鉴定证据在我国刑事诉讼中运用的现状,包括DNA鉴定证据在犯罪指控方面的运用现状与辩方对DNA鉴定证据的质证方面的运用现状,以及DNA鉴定证据在错案纠正方面的运用现状三个方面的问题;第三部分是域外DNA刑事鉴定证据的运用对我国的启发。第三部分是DNA鉴定证据在运用中面临的困境。DNA鉴定证据所面临的困境有三个,一是DNA鉴定鉴定实验的困境,主要是DNA信息灵敏度过高,检体取得与保存之疏漏,法医人为因素影响与实验室污染所引起;二是法庭对DNA鉴定证据的解读错误,在此部分介绍了检察官谬误以及期望值带来的误解,并对三阶层命题理论进行了分析;三是DNA鉴定证据的类别归属所带来的局限。第四部分是DNA鉴定证据在刑事诉讼中的运用规制,分别从DNA鉴定的规范管理与法律规范的完善来提出建议。从实验层面对DNA鉴定证据的规制,包括法医的规范管理以及对实验室的规范管理。DNA鉴定实验的规范管理有助于提高DNA鉴定意见的准确性与科学性,有助于发挥其在刑事诉讼中的重要作用。对于法律规范的完善,提出了专家辅助人制度,鉴定人出庭作证制度的完善途径,在证明规则方面,提出了建立专门的DNA鉴定证据开示规则,辩方对DNA鉴定证据的质证规则,以及确立对DNA鉴定证据的非法证据排除规则,最后借鉴美国的“无辜者工程”,提出建立定罪后DNA检测制度。
[Abstract]:DNA identification, also known as forensic DNA typing, is a new technique that emerged in 1980s. It is used in the discovery and identification of criminal suspects and the identification of unknown bodies. In reality, the production of DNA identification opinions depends on the experimental operation of forensic medical examiners, and there are certain loopholes and blind spots in the operation of human intervention, such as the contamination of materials and the pollution of the laboratory. The failure of the forensic medical examiner's own operation, and so on, can result in inaccurate or even quite different conclusions from the actual situation. The misinterpretation of DNA identification evidence by the court will also bring a devastating blow. This paper starts with the concept and characteristics of DNA expert evidence, and points out the limitations of DNA identification evidence error and the court interpretation error of DNA expert evidence. Based on the analysis and reference of foreign experience, two suggestions are put forward to perfect the expert witness system and the expert assistant system, and to perfect the rules of judicial proof, which are represented by the system of discovery of evidence. In order to ensure that the evidence of DNA identification can play its due role and guarantee the realization of fairness and justice, the paper is divided into four parts except the introduction and conclusion. The first part is the summary of DNA identification. Firstly, the concept of DNA identification is defined. Through summing up and analyzing the views of domestic scholars, the author puts forward the author's view on the concept of DNA identification, and analyzes the characteristics of DNA identification evidence. Secondly, This paper analyzes the value of DNA identification, points out the value of DNA identification in ensuring fairness and justice and improving judicial efficiency. The second part is the present situation of the application of DNA identification evidence in criminal proceedings. This part is discussed from three aspects: first, This paper analyzes the present situation of the application of DNA identification evidence in foreign criminal proceedings, including the application of DNA identification evidence in two countries, the United States and Germany. Secondly, it is the present situation of the application of DNA identification evidence in criminal proceedings in our country. Including the current situation of the application of DNA identification evidence in criminal charges and the application of cross-examination of DNA identification evidence by the defense, as well as the application of DNA identification evidence in the correction of wrong cases. The third part is the enlightenment of the application of foreign DNA criminal identification evidence to our country. The third part is the dilemma that the DNA identification evidence faces in the application. There are three predicaments faced by the DNA identification evidence, one is the dilemma of the DNA identification experiment, the other is the difficulty of the DNA identification experiment. It is mainly caused by the high sensitivity of DNA information, the omission of the acquisition and preservation of the examination body, the influence of forensic human factors and the contamination of the laboratory, and the misinterpretation of the DNA identification evidence by the court. In this part, the author introduces the prosecutor's fallacy and misunderstandings brought about by expectation, and analyzes the three-level propositional theory. The third is the limitation brought about by the classification of DNA identification evidence. Part 4th is the application regulation of DNA identification evidence in criminal proceedings. From the standard management of DNA identification and the perfection of legal norms, this paper puts forward some suggestions. From the experimental level, it regulates the evidence of DNA identification. Including the standard management of forensic medicine and the standard management of laboratory. The standard management of DNA identification experiment is helpful to improve the accuracy and scientificalness of the opinion of DNA identification, and to give play to its important role in the criminal procedure. This paper puts forward the system of expert assistant and the perfect way of expert testifying in court. In the aspect of proof rules, it puts forward the establishment of special rules for the discovery of DNA identification evidence, and the rules for cross-examination of DNA identification evidence by the defense. The rule of illegal evidence exclusion for DNA identification evidence is established. Finally, referring to the "innocent person Project" in the United States, the establishment of DNA detection system after conviction is put forward.
【学位授予单位】：山东政法学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D925.2

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