美国联邦刑事被害人赔偿制度

发布时间：2018-04-15 06:12

本文选题：赔偿制度 + 被害人　；参考：《苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2014年03期

【摘要】：赔偿制度出自正义,并经常被认为是一种衡平救济。正如它的名称(restitution)所包含的意义,赔偿意在使被害人恢复到原来状态,还原他们耗尽的资产。赔偿成为美国联邦刑事司法制度的一大特色已近一个世纪了,它早期存在于缓刑等担保体系下,且具有不成文的特性。由于美国联邦最高法院判定初级联邦法院自身并不具有宣判缓刑的权力,国会因此在1916年明确授权给法院允许判处罪犯缓刑。通过判处缓刑,法院有权要求缓刑犯支付一定数量的罚金,赔偿或弥补被害方因被定罪的罪行而遭受的损失,给被害人提供他们需要负担的抚养费。这种授权持续不变了50年。尽管联邦法院不享有除刑事案件发布赔偿令以外的其他权力,该权力本身也很少被使用和执行。为了改善这种尴尬的状况,国会颁布了《被害人与证人保护法》,授予了联邦法院一般裁量权,可在美国"刑法典"第18章内规定的任何刑事案件或劫机案中下达赔偿令。在《1994暴力犯罪控制与执法法》中,国会又在处理关于性虐待、儿童性剥削和家暴等联邦犯罪时建立了强制性赔偿制度。最终,国会通过了《1996年被害人强制赔偿法》,将强制赔偿被害人作为绝大多数联邦暴力刑事案件的定罪结果确定下来。
[Abstract]:The system of compensation comes from justice and is often regarded as a remedy of equity.As its name attitudes implies, reparations are intended to restore victims to their old state and restore their depleted assets.Compensation has been a major feature of the federal criminal justice system in the United States for nearly a century.Since the United States Supreme Court ruled that the lower federal court itself did not have the power to sentence a suspended sentence, Congress expressly authorized the court in 1916 to grant a suspended sentence to a criminal.By imposing a suspended sentence, the court has the power to require the suspended offender to pay a certain amount of fine, to compensate or compensate the injured party for the loss suffered as a result of the convicted offence, and to provide the victim with the maintenance he or she has to bear.This mandate lasted for 50 years.Although federal courts do not have the power to issue compensation orders in criminal cases, the powers themselves are rarely used and enforced.To remedy this embarrassment, Congress enacted the victims and witnesses Protection Act, which grants general discretion to federal courts to make reparations in any criminal or hijacking case provided for in Chapter 18 of the U.S. Criminal Code.In the violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Congress established a system of compulsory compensation for federal crimes such as sexual abuse, child sexual exploitation and domestic violence.In the end, Congress passed the victims compulsory compensation Act of 1996, which makes compulsory compensation for victims the result of conviction in most federal violent criminal cases.
【作者单位】：苏州大学王建法学院;
【分类号】：D971.2;DD915

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