职务犯罪案件跨行政区划管辖研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 07:41

本文选题：职务犯罪案件 + 跨行政区划管辖　；参考：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】："职务犯罪案件跨行政区划管辖"是指,为了防止地方党政权力以及涉嫌职务犯罪的嫌疑人、被告人利用业缘关系对侦查活动、审判活动的公正性产生负面作用,进而由异地检察院、法院代为侦查、起诉和审判的一种刑事诉讼管辖制度。从域外法的经验看,虽然没有对职务犯罪案件跨行政区划管辖的直接规定,但从其司法制度来看,或多或少地反映出地方行政区划与司法区划适当分离的特征,其目的也正是为了以防止地方权力对司法独立、司法公正的消极影响。以美国为例,美国往往利用独立于体制之外的公民陪审团行使对职务犯罪的侦查权,而在审判环节,美国宪法划清了中央司法机关和地方司法机关管辖的范围,有效的防止了地方保护主义。职务犯罪案件跨行政区划管辖的意义主要也就在于,能够使检察院、法院公正行使侦查权和审判权,在实现司法案件的程序性效益的同时,保障司法办案人员免受地方权力裹挟。从我国"职务犯罪案件跨行政区划管辖"的历史发展来看,魏晋时期的八议制度、宋代的翻异别勘制度,虽然其本质是为了维护封建君主制与封建等级制,但隐约地能够体现防止地方权力干预司法的"法治"精神。我国现代意义上的"职务犯罪案件跨行政区划管辖"其实开端于2001年"慕马案",该案中涉及主要官员,大都交由其所在地以外的人民检察院、人民法院管辖。但是从2001年-2016年,十五载的时间里,职务犯罪案件交由异地人民检察院、人民法院管辖,在我国立法上并无直接规定。在司法实务中,往往是通过上级人民检察院、人民法院指定下级人民检察院、人民法院管辖以实现职务犯罪案件管辖跨区划。这种异地管辖存在着缺乏明确法律依据、被管辖主体范围不清、侵犯犯罪嫌疑人或被告人合法权益等问题。为此,2014年12月中央开始在北京、上海推行跨行政区划人民检察院、跨行政区划人民法院的试点,试图创新职务犯罪的管辖方式,但是这次改革,依然没有突破指定管辖这一视阈限制,没有从根本上改变职务犯罪管辖权本质即司法系统内部的权力再分配。推进我国的职务犯罪案件管辖制度建设,宏观层面上,应对该制度的基本原则加以规定,司法区划与行政区划适当分离原则、司法经济原则、犯罪嫌疑人与被告人人权保障原则等都应被贯彻落实。微观层面上,要在立法上明确跨行政区划检察院、法院对职务犯罪案件的享有专属管辖权;同时,跨行政区划检察院、法院的地域设置,人、财、物的管理要与行政区划适当分离,并且跨行政区划检察院、法院应有两级机构设定;此外,为保障跨行政区划检察院、法院在管辖职务犯罪案件中兼顾效率与人权,应当厘清并优化跨行政区划检察院、法院与纪检部门的关系、完善强制措施设计工作、赋予犯罪嫌疑人或被告人管辖异议权以及申请羁押必要性审查的权利。最后,并非不重要的是,全国人大常委会也应设立专门机构来监督跨行政区划检察院、法院的司法权力。
[Abstract]:"Duty crime cases cross administrative division jurisdiction" means that in order to prevent the local party and government power and suspects suspected of duty crime, the defendant makes use of the relationship of the industry to have a negative effect on the impartiality of the investigation activities and trial activities, and then a criminal procedure jurisdiction system, which is replaced by the procuratorate and the court, is replaced by a criminal procedure jurisdiction system. The experience of extraterritorial law shows that, although there is no direct provision of the jurisdiction of the administrative division of the duty crime case, but from its judicial system, it reflects more or less the proper separation between the local administrative division and the judicial division, and its purpose is to prevent the local power from the judicial independence and the judicial impartiality. As an example, the United States often uses the civil jurors independent of the system to exercise the power of investigation for the duty crime. In the trial link, the United States Constitution delicits the jurisdiction of the central judiciary and the local judiciary, effectively preventing the local protectionism. It can make the procuratorate and the court impartially exercise the right of investigation and trial, and ensure the procedural benefits of judicial cases, while guaranteeing the judicial personnel to be protected from the local power. From the historical development of the "cross administrative division jurisdiction of the duty crime cases" in our country, the eight system of the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the reconnaissance of the Song Dynasty The quality is to maintain the feudal monarchy and the feudal hierarchy, but indistinctly embody the "rule of law" that prevents local power from interfering in the judiciary. In the modern sense, "the jurisdiction of the administrative division of the duty crime" began in the "Mu Ma case" in 2001. In this case, the main officials were mainly referred to the people's Procuratorate outside its place. The people's court is under the jurisdiction of the people's court, but from the time of -2016 2001 and fifteen, the crime of duty is handed over to the people's Procuratorate and the people's court, and there is no direct regulation in our country's legislation. In judicial practice, the people's Procuratorate is often passed by the superior people's Procuratorate, the people's court has designated the lower level people's Procuratorate, and the people's court has jurisdiction to realize the duty. Criminal cases have jurisdiction over zoning. There are many problems such as the lack of clear legal basis, the unclear jurisdiction of the subject, the infringement of the legitimate rights and interests of the criminal suspects or the accused. In December 2014, the Central Committee began in Beijing, Shanghai carried out the people's Procuratorate of the cross administrative division, and tried to innovate the trial of the people's Court of the cross administrative division. However, this reform still does not break through the threshold limit of the designated jurisdiction, and does not fundamentally change the essence of the jurisdiction of the duty crime, that is, the redistribution of power within the judicial system, and to promote the construction of the jurisdiction system of the case of the crime in China, and to stipulate the basic principles of the system on the macro level. The principle of proper separation between the division of law and the administrative division, the principle of judicial economy and the principle of the protection of the rights of the criminal suspects and the defendants all should be carried out. At the micro level, the procuratorate should be clearly defined in the legislature, and the court has exclusive jurisdiction over the case of the duty crime; at the same time, the regional setting of the procuratorate of the administrative division and the court The management of people, money and things should be properly separated from the administrative division, and the court should be set up by two levels of institutions. In addition, in order to ensure the efficiency and human rights of the procuratorate, the court should clarify and optimize the relationship between the procuratorate of the administrative division, the court and the discipline inspection department, and the relationship between the court and the discipline inspection department. It is not unimportant that the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress should also set up a special institution to supervise the judicial power of the procuratorate of the court and the court.

【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D925.2

【参考文献】