我国刑事错案的防范机制建构研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 04:09

本文选题：刑事错案 + 防范　；参考：《广西师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：刑事错案,听起来让人不寒而栗。2016年9月12日国务院新闻办公室发布了《中国司法人权保障白皮书:积极防范和纠正冤假错案》,2012年至2015年,各级法院依法宣告3369名被告人无罪,其中包括张辉、张高平案、念斌案,呼格吉勒图案,陈满案,钱仁凤案等这些耳熟能详的案件,当然还有很多不为人知的案件。这些错案不仅给当事人带来了巨大的伤害,更是给其家人带来莫大的打击。这些一个个活生生的案子,一个个冷冰冰的数据,让人不得不去思考如何防范刑事错案。刑事错案的危害是巨大的,不仅对被告人本人,包括被害人在内的被告人近亲属以及我国司法权威的影响都是负面的。培根说过:“一次错误的判决,有甚于十次犯罪,因为犯罪污染的是水流,而错误的判决污染的却是水源。”本文主要分为三个部分。第一部分概述刑事错案与错案预防,第二部分主要从我国现行的司法制度层面以及证据层面陈述我国刑事司法错案频发的原因。第三部分讲述构建防范刑事错案的机制。第一部分主要讲述理论界和司法实务界对刑事错案的界定以及笔者对刑事错案的观点和对错案预防的思考。第二与第三部分是论文的重点,也是笔者着重讲述的部分。第二部分主要从制度层面以及证据的角度讲述我国刑事错案频发的原因。制度层面主要有错案责任追究制度、沉默权制度、律师参与制度受限制、再审纠错效果不明显等。证据方面主要有:暴力取证与刑讯逼供、伪造证据、司法鉴定的错误、现场勘查的过失、证人或被害人辨认的错误以及证据的毁损灭失等。当然还有证据以外的因素以及人的因素。证据之外的因素主要有:扭曲的司法理念、法律方面的因素、非理性因素、外部不良环境的影响。还有人因素,主要是司法人员的因素。第三部分主要讲构建防范刑事错案的机制。主要内容有转变办案理念、规范证据与证据的保护、建立和完善相关制度,防范刑讯逼供,保障人权、完善错案追究制度、加强再审的纠错功能以及规范和加强对司法活动的监督。
[Abstract]:On September 12, 2016, the Information Office of the State Council issued a White Paper on the Protection of Human Rights in Justice in China: actively preventing and correcting false and false cases. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels acquitted 3369 defendants according to law. These include the Zhang Hui, Zhang Gao Ping, Nianbin, Huugjilt, Chen Man, Qian Renfeng cases and so on. Of course, there are many unknown cases. These wrong cases not only bring great harm to the parties, but also to their families. These live cases, one by one cold data, people have to think about how to prevent criminal error. The harm of wrong criminal cases is enormous, not only to the defendant himself, including the victim of the accused close relatives and our judicial authority is negative. Bacon said: "one wrong sentence is more than ten crimes, because the crime pollutes the water, and the wrong judgment pollutes the water." This paper is divided into three parts. The first part summarizes the criminal wrong cases and the prevention of wrong cases, the second part mainly from the current judicial system level and the evidence level to state the reasons for the frequent occurrence of criminal justice wrong cases in our country. The third part describes the construction of the prevention of criminal error mechanism. The first part is mainly about the definition of criminal wrong cases in theory and judicial practice, and the author's views on criminal wrong cases and the thinking on the prevention of wrong cases. The second and third parts are the emphases of the thesis and the part of the author. The second part mainly from the system level and the evidence angle narrates our country criminal wrong case frequency reason. The system level mainly includes the system of accountability, the right to silence, the lawyer participation system is restricted, the effect of retrial error correction is not obvious, and so on. The main aspects of evidence are: obtaining evidence by violence and extorting confessions by torture, falsifying evidence, making mistakes in judicial identification, fault in scene investigation, mistakes in identification of witnesses or victims, and destruction and loss of evidence, and so on. There are, of course, factors other than evidence and human factors. The main factors beyond evidence are: distorted judicial concept, legal factors, irrational factors, the influence of external adverse environment. There are also human factors, mainly judicial personnel. The third part mainly discusses the construction of the prevention of criminal error mechanism. The main contents include changing the concept of handling cases, standardizing the protection of evidence and evidence, establishing and perfecting relevant systems, preventing extorting confessions by torture, protecting human rights, and perfecting the system of investigation of wrongful cases. To strengthen the error correction function of retrial and to standardize and strengthen the supervision of judicial activities.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D925.2

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