论刑事被害人权利保障

发布时间：2018-05-26 18:30

本文选题：刑事被害人 + 诉讼启动权　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为犯罪后果的直接承受者，刑事被害人往往背负着巨大的物质、生理和心理痛楚，他们的境遇值得社会公众的同情。刑事被害人在遭遇到犯罪侵害后，于公来说，他们有与国家追诉机关同样的意志——将犯罪人绳之以法，定罪量刑，恢复社会秩序；于私来说，，他们希望得到司法程序的尊重、物质方面的赔偿以及精神方面的抚慰。但是在很长一段时间内，被害人则仅仅是司法程序中“被遗忘的人”，仅仅“只是一个证人”、“旁边的人”。被害人在刑事诉讼的地位不高，作用也十分有限。“刑事法在实质上被塑造成一个检控方和被告人之间的一个战役”。从20世纪60年代起，随着国际人权保障运动的兴起与开展，切实加强刑事被害人的权利保障成为世界各国司法体制改革的重要方面。长期以来被害人只作为证人的司法惯例与制度开始发生了变化，被害人逐步拥有启动诉讼、获取诉讼信息、参与审判量刑甚至执行方面的权利。加强被害人权利保障，并对被害人与被告人权利加以合理、适当的平衡，已经成为各国刑事诉讼立法的普遍发展态势。受传统只关注公权力行使和保障刑事被告人权利的刑事司法理念的束缚。我国刑事诉讼法的制定修改始终摇摆于国家和被告人权力和权利的对抗分配之中。刑事被害人往往沦为国家司法机关追诉刑事犯罪的工具，其主体地位并未得到体现以及获得应有的关怀，“二次伤害”时有发生。论文共分三个部分：第一部分是对我国被害人权利保障现状的概述，共指出了我国刑诉法在被害人权利保障领域的五方面不足，即被害人的诉讼启动力较弱、诉讼知情权贫乏、审判阶段影响力不足，执行阶段参与权缺位以及获得赔偿范围狭窄；第二部分从我国刑诉法的在被害人保障领域的五方面不足出发，介绍了英美法德等国的相关成功经验，并进行了一定的梳理和总结；第三部分根据我国的实际情况，借鉴国外的相关成功经验，提出了一些提升我国刑事被害人权利保障的建议和看法，如加强检察院、法院在程序启动方面的监督作用；扩大被害人知情范围；扩充被害人的陈述内容；增加被害人执行参与权和满足被害人的精神损害赔偿请求等。为了论述方便，本文中刑事被害人主要是指公诉案件中的自然人被害人。
[Abstract]:As the direct victims of the consequences of crime, criminal victims often bear enormous material, physical and psychological pain, their circumstances deserve the sympathy of the public. Criminal victims have the same will to bring the perpetrators to justice, conviction and sentencing, and restore public order after they have been victimized by a crime. On the other hand, they hope to be respected by the judicial process. Material compensation and spiritual comfort. But for a long time, the victim was only the "forgotten person" in the judicial process, only "a witness", "the next person". The victim's position in the criminal procedure is not high, the function is also very limited. Criminal law is essentially shaped as a battle between the prosecutor and the accused. Since the 1960s, with the rise and development of the international human rights protection movement, strengthening the protection of the rights of criminal victims has become an important aspect of the judicial system reform in the world. For a long time, the judicial practice and system of the victim as only a witness began to change, and the victim gradually possessed the right to start the lawsuit, to obtain the lawsuit information, to participate in the trial and sentencing and even to execute the sentence. Strengthening the protection of the rights of the victims and the accused is a reasonable and appropriate balance, which has become the general development trend of the criminal procedure legislation in various countries. Restricted by the traditional criminal justice concept which only pays attention to the public power exercise and the protection of the rights of the criminal defendants. The formulation and revision of our country's criminal procedure law is always swinging in the antagonistic distribution of the power and rights of the state and the defendant. The criminal victim is often reduced to the national judicial organ to pursue the criminal crime, its main body status has not been reflected and obtains the due care, "the second injury" occurs from time to time. The thesis is divided into three parts: the first part is an overview of the current situation of the protection of the rights of victims in our country, and points out the five deficiencies of the criminal procedure law in the field of protection of the rights of victims, that is, the victim's ability to start the proceedings is weak, and the right to know is poor. Lack of influence in the trial stage, absence of the right to participate in the execution stage and narrow scope of obtaining compensation. The second part introduces the relevant successful experiences of the United States, France, Germany and other countries from the five aspects of the criminal procedure law of our country in the field of victim protection. The third part, according to the actual situation of our country, draw lessons from the relevant successful experience of foreign countries, put forward some suggestions and views to improve the protection of the rights of criminal victims in our country, such as strengthening the procuratorate, The supervisory role of the court in the process of starting; expanding the scope of the victim's knowledge; expanding the content of the victim's statement; increasing the victim's right to participate in the implementation of the right to participate and to meet the victim's request for compensation for mental damage, and so on. In order to discuss conveniently, the criminal victim in this article mainly refers to the natural person victim in the public prosecution case.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D925.2

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