英国最高法院的成立及运行研究

发布时间：2018-07-01 20:11

本文选题：英国宪法 + 最高法院　；参考：《天津商业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为英国近年来宪政改革的一大成果,英国最高法院已经成立了八年。经过多年的运行,英国最高法院也受到了英国社会和全球的瞩目。英国最高司法机关独立于立法机关,这是一个标志性的事件。然而,这种独立究竟在多大程度上有效一直是学界关注的焦点。英国的司法终审权历经几个世纪的变迁,最终掌握在上议院的司法贵族手中。但是,这一权力始终都在发生着变化。加入欧盟、《人权法》的通过,使得司法权在英国宪法中地位有了明显的提升。在这个背景下,英国国内要求建立一个独立的最高法院的呼声高涨。经过长时间的争论,英国最高法院终于成立了。英国最高法院的法官选任交给了一个专业的遴选委员会,摆脱了政治性的影响。法官的选任基本上是法律人共同体的选择。英国最高法院的管辖权继承了上议院上诉委员会的管辖权,根据《宪政改革法》,增加了权力下放案件的管辖权。英国最高法院的上诉程序分为上诉案件的申请和上诉聆讯两个阶段。和上议院上诉委员会相比较,上诉程序的变化不大,仅仅是个别的细节上有些调整。反映了英国最高法院的延续性。英国最高法院的法官延续了上议院时期的传统,基本上是来自司法系统,当然也有没有任何司法审判经历的资深律师。但是总的来说组成比较单一。不过,这一状况也在发生微妙的变化,以后的法官们会更有代表性。英国最高法院在处理上诉案件方面延续了之前的传统,并没有因为新设法院的因素导致上诉案件数量出现剧烈的变化。而在案件审理的合议庭组成方面,则有所不同。英国最高法院倾向于更多的案件采用更大规模的合议庭。有更多的案件是超过5名法官审理。因其发布的判决对于英国社会的重大影响,英国最高法院表现出比原来更为审慎的态度。在审理案件的类型方面,英国最高法院更多的涉及宪法性案件和公民基本权利的案件。在先例原则方面最高法院态度是十分谨慎的,一般不轻易推翻先例,除非涉及到欧洲人权公约。英国最高法院在更多的案件中引入第三方介入到诉讼中,反映了最高法院更加开放的态度。成立英国最高法院对英国社会影响重大。一个独立于议会的最高法院,让权力分立的原则更加深入人心。任何破坏司法独立的行为都会受到公众舆论的谴责和最高法院工作人员的抵制。最为重要的宪法议题上,英国的社会公众、政治界人士将最终的裁决权交由新成立的最高法院。英国最高法院在英国宪法中的作用正在提升。总的来说,英国最高法院的成立对于整个英国宪政的影响巨大,但是其未来发展值得观察。
[Abstract]:As a major achievement of constitutional reform in Britain in recent years, the Supreme Court of England has been established for eight years. After years of operation, the British Supreme Court has also attracted the attention of the British society and the world. The independence of Britain's highest judiciary from the legislature is an iconic event. However, the extent to which this independence is effective has always been the focus of academic attention. The power of final adjudication of justice in England has changed for centuries and is finally in the hands of the judicial nobles in the House of Lords. But that power is always changing. Accession to the European Union, the passage of the Human Rights Act, the judicial power in the British Constitution has been significantly enhanced. Against this backdrop, calls for an independent supreme court are rising in Britain. After a long debate, the British Supreme Court was finally established. Britain's Supreme Court judges were elected to a professional selection committee, free from political influence. The selection of judges is basically the choice of the legal community. The jurisdiction of the British Supreme Court inherited the jurisdiction of the Appeal Committee of the House of Lords and increased the jurisdiction of devolved cases under the Constitutional Reform Act. The appeals procedure of the Supreme Court of England is divided into two stages: application for appeal and hearing of appeal. Compared with the appeal committee of the upper house, the appeal procedure has not changed much, only a few details have been adjusted. Reflects the continuity of the British Supreme Court. Britain's Supreme Court judges continue the tradition of the House of Lords, mostly from the judicial system, and of course there are no senior lawyers with any judicial experience. But overall the composition is relatively simple. However, the situation is also changing subtly, and judges will be more representative in the future. Britain's Supreme Court has continued its tradition of handling appeals and has not experienced dramatic changes in the number of appeals due to new courts. The composition of the collegial panel is different. Britain's Supreme Court tends to use a larger collegiate panel for more cases. More cases are heard by more than five judges. The Supreme Court has been more cautious than ever because of the impact of its ruling on British society. In terms of the types of cases to be heard, the Supreme Court is more concerned with constitutional cases and basic rights of citizens. The Supreme Court is cautious about precedent principles and generally does not overturn precedents unless it concerns the European Convention on Human Rights. Britain's Supreme Court has brought in third parties in more cases, reflecting its more open attitude. The establishment of the British Supreme Court had a significant impact on British society. A Supreme Court, independent of Parliament, makes the principle of separation of powers more popular. Any breach of judicial independence will be condemned by public opinion and resisted by Supreme Court staff. On the most important constitutional issue, the British public and politicians have left the final decision to the new Supreme Court. The role of the British Supreme Court in the British Constitution is rising. Generally speaking, the establishment of the Supreme Court has a great influence on the constitutionalism of the whole country, but its future development is worth observing.
【学位授予单位】：天津商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D956.1;DD916

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