民事公诉之立法研究
发布时间：2018-07-13 14:08
【摘要】：在人与人之间联系愈发紧密的多元化现代社会中，既存在竞争和对抗，也强调合作与共赢。人们在追求个人利益最大化的同时，还越来越重视对公共利益的保护。而对公共利益的重视与保护状况，标志着一国法律现代化与民主化的程度。我国民事诉讼法在2012年修改时首次纳入了公益诉讼制度，足以体现现行立法对公共利益保护的重视与决心。但是，相关规定较为笼统和简单，没能很好地解决由谁通过什么途径来实现公共利益司法救济这个关键问题。检察机关作为法律监督机关及公共利益的代表者，有必要对公共利益的保护进行更为深入的探索和尝试，其中就包括在其受到侵害的情形下以启动诉讼程序的方式来寻求司法救济。但是，如果要让检察机关承担这一职能，其途径是什么，理论基础是什么，具体又该如何运作？带着这样的问题，本文从民事公诉的内涵探讨与功能分析入手，梳理了国外与国内的立法发展历程，厘清了中国语境下民事公诉实践的现状及存在的问题，分析了我国民事公诉立法的必要与可行，并就民事公诉的立法建构以及程序设计提出了自己的管窥之见。 本文除绪论与结语之外，一共分为6章，可概括为四个部分。 绪论从检察监督的片面性与公益保护的缺失现状这两个角度分析了本文的选题背景，在理论与实践两方面突出了选题意义，界定了文章的研究思路和研究方法，指出了可能的创新与不足。 第一部分为本文的第2章，着重探讨民事公诉的内涵与特性，同时介绍其功能及与相关制度的关系。在大多数情况下，“公诉”一词较为广泛地应用于刑事诉讼领域，但其实深挖公诉制度的历史渊源与性质功能，不难发现民事公诉实乃该制度应有之义。本章第一节在明确这一前提的基础上，对民事公诉进行了概念界定，剖析了民事公诉中“公”的特殊含义，并突出了对民事公诉权的双重属性评价。第二节探讨了民事公诉的具体特性，从主体的特定性、目的的特殊性总结出制度本身的双重性，再延展至具体运行过程中适用范围的有限性与既判力的扩张性。第三节分析了民事公诉的功能追求，这一诉讼制度，承载了诸多功能：在立法构建层面，有助于完善民事诉讼制度；在司法实践层面，有助于优化检察权配置；在社会管理层面，，有助于化解社会矛盾、实现社会公正。第四节将民事公诉与相关的诉讼制度进行比较分析，梳理其与传统民事诉讼、民事公益诉讼、行政公诉的关系，进一步明确民事公诉的界限与特性。 第二部分包括本文的第3章与第4章，重点考察国内外民事公诉的立法与实践状况。该部分内容在比较考察国外民事公诉立法的相关情况之后，回顾了我国的立法史源，而后介绍并评价了我国实践运行情况。 第3章是对国外民事公诉立法的比较考察，该章选取了大陆法系、英美法系几个具有代表性的国家以及对我国立法影响深远的俄罗斯民事公诉立法状况进行比较研究，在分析其共性、个性的基础上归纳出三种基本的立法模式与体例，并就国外的立法经验进行总结。尽管法、德、美、俄等国的政治体制不同，法律文化存在差异，检察机关的定性与职能也有所区别，但是都一致认同检察机关可以运用民事公诉的方式主张与维护公共利益。这方面的比较研究可以为我国民事公诉立法提供有益的启发，作为在我国法律体制下进行同类改革的基础和借鉴。 第4章，我国民事公诉的立法与实践考察，梳理了我国民事公诉的立法历程与具体实践，并试图客观理性地进行评价。虽然民事公诉目前在我国并没有得到法律的正式认可，但是并不意味着历史上找不到这项制度的踪迹。回顾我国晚清以来至建国初期的立法史，可以从其中看出民事公诉立法的发展轨迹。在当代中国，民事公诉制度得到了前所未有的关注与重视，立法界与实务界都在进行不懈的尝试与推动。这些探索留下了不可磨灭的功绩，同时也存在需要规范之处，有待在今后的立法与实践工作中进一步完善。 第三部分即第5章论证了我国立法确立民事公诉制度的必要与可能。要通过立法确立一项新型法律制度，必须先分析其必要性与可行性。必要性分析提供的是必要条件，可行性分析提供的则是充分条件，两相结合才是民事公诉立法的充要条件。从必要性来看，民事公诉顺应了现代民法的发展趋势，应对了保护公共利益的社会需求，完善了公益保护法律体系的法治诉求。从可行性来看，民事诉权的合理拓展为民事公诉奠定了理论基础，检察监督范畴的现代拓展为其提供了职能保障，司法探索获得的良好效果为其积累了实践经验，与其他主体比较得出的权能优势让检察机关有充分理由担纲起民事公诉的职责。 第四部分，即第6章和第7章，在前文的基础上重点建构了我国民事公诉立法的基本框架与具体程序。 第6章主要介绍我国民事公诉立法的价值取向、基本原则与模式选择，为我国立法确立民事公诉制度提供了大体的框架与思路。民事公诉的价值取向，除了正义、效率之外，还专门强调了“公益”。虽然从严格意义上讲，公益与公平、正义、效率等不同，并非法律制度得到普适性认知的价值。但是法的价值具有特殊性，在不同的法律制度中有不同的强调与侧重。维护公益是民事公诉最根本也是最直接的价值目标，正是因为有这样重要的社会效益，民事公诉法律制度注定能够引起社会的广泛共鸣，也因此而变得富有意义。虽然公益性与正义性存在着一定程度的价值融合，但是笔者认为将公益性单列出来，更能体现民事公诉的制度内涵。第二节论证了民事公诉立法的基本原则，从公权强制性与私权自主性的制约，到法律监督与公益代表的结合，再到主动介入与有限救济的衡平，都体现出民事公诉是在不同利益与价值的冲突与协调中寻找平衡支点，最终促成维护公共利益、实现社会公正的终极目标。第三节阐释了我国民事公诉立法的模式与体例选择。在总结分析国外立法不同模式与体例及学界不同观点的基础上，结合我国的政治体制、法律体系与实践需求，提出了我国模式与体例选择的设想。 第7章设计了民事公诉的具体程序，旨在确立整体模式的前提之下，将民事公诉的程序性问题进一步细化，为制度运行提供更为详尽的参考。民事公诉属于民事诉讼的类型之一，又不同于一般的民事诉讼，其在诉讼主体、受案范围等方面都体现出自身的个性特征，适用的程序具有自己的独特性，需要在一般民事诉讼程序之外补充规定民事公诉的特殊程序。本章按照诉讼阶段顺序，将具体程序分解为起诉、受理、审理、结案、执行、审判监督六个阶段，尽可能对民事公诉在不同阶段需要适用的特殊程序进行分析与论证，希望能够为民事公诉立法的具体化与实践的可操作性提供一些参考和帮助。 最后是结语，基于民事公诉的立法必然与实践可行，提出了我国民事检察监督制度的前景展望，相信民事公诉制度终将成为我国民事检察监督职能发展的崭新领域。
[Abstract]:In the modern society , which is more and more closely connected with human beings , there are both competition and confrontation , and also emphasize cooperation and win - win . In pursuit of the maximization of personal interests , people pay more and more attention to the protection of public interest .
In addition to the preface and the conclusion , this paper is divided into six chapters , which can be summarized into four parts .
In this paper , the author analyses the background of topic selection from the aspects of the aspects of procuratorial supervision and the present situation of the lack of public welfare protection , and highlights the significance of choosing the topic in both theory and practice , and defines the research thinking and the research method , and points out the possible innovations and disadvantages .
The first part of this chapter is divided into two chapters in this paper , focusing on the connotation and characteristics of civil public prosecution , and also introducing its function and its relationship with the relevant system . In most cases , the term " public prosecution " is widely used in the field of criminal procedure .
At the level of judicial practice , it is helpful to optimize the configuration of prosecutorial power ;
At the level of social management , it is helpful to resolve social contradictions and realize social justice . In the fourth section , the civil public prosecution is compared with the relevant litigation system , and its relationship with traditional civil litigation , civil public interest litigation and administrative public prosecution is analyzed , and the limits and characteristics of civil public prosecution are further clarified .
The second part includes chapter 3 and chapter 4 of the article , focusing on the legislation and practice of civil prosecution at home and abroad . After comparing the relevant circumstances of the civil public prosecution legislation , this part reviews our country ' s legislation historical source , then introduces and evaluates the practice operation of our country .
Chapter 3 is a comparative study on the legislation of civil public prosecution in foreign countries . This chapter compares the civil law system , Anglo - American law system with several representative countries as well as the far - reaching Russian civil prosecution legislation status , and summarizes the legislative experience abroad . Although the law , Germany , the United States , Russia and other countries have different political systems and different legal culture , the qualitative and function of the procuratorial organs are different , but the comparative study in this regard can provide beneficial inspiration for the civil prosecution legislation in China , and serve as the basis for the similar reform under the legal system of our country .
Chapter 4 , the legislation and practice of civil public prosecution in China , combs the legislative course and concrete practice of civil prosecution in our country , and tries to objectively and rationally evaluate . Although civil public prosecution is not formally accepted by law in our country , it doesn ' t mean that it can ' t find the track of this system .
In the third part , Chapter 5 demonstrates the necessity and possibility of establishing the civil public prosecution system in our country .
In the fourth part , Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 , on the basis of the foregoing , the basic framework and specific procedures of the civil prosecution legislation in China are mainly constructed .
Chapter II discusses the value orientation , basic principle and mode choice of civil public prosecution legislation in our country , and provides a general framework and thinking for the establishment of civil public prosecution system in our country .
Chapter 7 designs the specific procedure of civil public prosecution , which is aimed at establishing the whole model , and provides more detailed reference for the system operation . The civil public prosecution belongs to one of the types of civil litigation , and it is different from the general civil action . The procedure is divided into the special procedures of prosecution , acceptance , trial , conclusion , execution and trial supervision .
Finally , the conclusion is that the legislation of civil prosecution is necessary and feasible , and the prospect of our civil prosecutorial supervision system is put forward . It is believed that the civil prosecution system will become a new field of the development of civil prosecutorial supervision function in our country .
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D925.1
本文编号：2119636
[Abstract]:In the modern society , which is more and more closely connected with human beings , there are both competition and confrontation , and also emphasize cooperation and win - win . In pursuit of the maximization of personal interests , people pay more and more attention to the protection of public interest .
In addition to the preface and the conclusion , this paper is divided into six chapters , which can be summarized into four parts .
In this paper , the author analyses the background of topic selection from the aspects of the aspects of procuratorial supervision and the present situation of the lack of public welfare protection , and highlights the significance of choosing the topic in both theory and practice , and defines the research thinking and the research method , and points out the possible innovations and disadvantages .
The first part of this chapter is divided into two chapters in this paper , focusing on the connotation and characteristics of civil public prosecution , and also introducing its function and its relationship with the relevant system . In most cases , the term " public prosecution " is widely used in the field of criminal procedure .
At the level of judicial practice , it is helpful to optimize the configuration of prosecutorial power ;
At the level of social management , it is helpful to resolve social contradictions and realize social justice . In the fourth section , the civil public prosecution is compared with the relevant litigation system , and its relationship with traditional civil litigation , civil public interest litigation and administrative public prosecution is analyzed , and the limits and characteristics of civil public prosecution are further clarified .
The second part includes chapter 3 and chapter 4 of the article , focusing on the legislation and practice of civil prosecution at home and abroad . After comparing the relevant circumstances of the civil public prosecution legislation , this part reviews our country ' s legislation historical source , then introduces and evaluates the practice operation of our country .
Chapter 3 is a comparative study on the legislation of civil public prosecution in foreign countries . This chapter compares the civil law system , Anglo - American law system with several representative countries as well as the far - reaching Russian civil prosecution legislation status , and summarizes the legislative experience abroad . Although the law , Germany , the United States , Russia and other countries have different political systems and different legal culture , the qualitative and function of the procuratorial organs are different , but the comparative study in this regard can provide beneficial inspiration for the civil prosecution legislation in China , and serve as the basis for the similar reform under the legal system of our country .
Chapter 4 , the legislation and practice of civil public prosecution in China , combs the legislative course and concrete practice of civil prosecution in our country , and tries to objectively and rationally evaluate . Although civil public prosecution is not formally accepted by law in our country , it doesn ' t mean that it can ' t find the track of this system .
In the third part , Chapter 5 demonstrates the necessity and possibility of establishing the civil public prosecution system in our country .
In the fourth part , Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 , on the basis of the foregoing , the basic framework and specific procedures of the civil prosecution legislation in China are mainly constructed .
Chapter II discusses the value orientation , basic principle and mode choice of civil public prosecution legislation in our country , and provides a general framework and thinking for the establishment of civil public prosecution system in our country .
Chapter 7 designs the specific procedure of civil public prosecution , which is aimed at establishing the whole model , and provides more detailed reference for the system operation . The civil public prosecution belongs to one of the types of civil litigation , and it is different from the general civil action . The procedure is divided into the special procedures of prosecution , acceptance , trial , conclusion , execution and trial supervision .
Finally , the conclusion is that the legislation of civil prosecution is necessary and feasible , and the prospect of our civil prosecutorial supervision system is put forward . It is believed that the civil prosecution system will become a new field of the development of civil prosecutorial supervision function in our country .
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D925.1
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